javed巴特勒

抽象性 :杰弗里LAnderson,MD,FACC,FAHA,教席爱丽丝KJacobs,MDC,FAHA,即时过位强纳森LHalperinMDFACFAHAE南希MAlbert博士/CCNS/CRN/FAHABiykem Bozkurt,MD博士,FACCFAHA拉尔夫GBrindis,MD,MPH,MACC马克ACreagerMDFAC

抽象性 :格伦N列文、MD、FAC、FAHA、Patrick TO'Gara/MD/FAC/FAHA/CEPJonathan/LHalperin/MD/FAC/FAHA/Al-Khatib、MD、MHS、FACC、FAHA金KBirtcher,PharmD,MS,AACC Biykem Bozkurt,MD博士,FACC,FAHA拉尔夫G布林迪斯MD

抽象性 :心血管疾病是美国死亡的主因,占全国保健开支的17%。随着人口老化,预计这些费用将大幅增加。方法与结果-为准备未来心血管护理需求,美国心脏协会开发方法预测2010至2030年高血压、冠心病、心机故障、中风和所有其他CVD未来护理成本这种方法避免双重计算多心血管病患者费用2030年40.5%的美国人口预测有某种形式的CVD2010至2030年期间,CVD实际直接医疗总成本预计翻三番,从2 730亿美元增至8 180亿美元。所有CVD实际间接成本估计从2010年1 720亿美元增至2030年2 760亿美元,增加61%结论-这些发现显示CVD流行和成本项目

抽象性 :医学界应在评价毒品相关证据方面起中心作用

抽象性 :背景-心机失灵(HF)是国家保健开支负担和成本的重要推理者,老年美国人高频住院比任何其他医疗条件都要多。随着人口老化,高频影响预期会大幅增加。方法与结果-我们通过修改美心协会开发的方法估计高频未来成本,预测2012至2030年高频流行病学和未来成本,不双重计算适配条件成本模型假设高频普及率按年龄、性别、种族/民族不变,成本上升和技术创新将以同样速率持续到2030年,800万美国人(每33人中1人)将拥有高频从2012年到2030年,实际医疗总直接高频预测从210亿美元增加到530亿美元。总成本 包括间接高频成本 估计从31bil

抽象性 :杰弗里LAnderson,MD,FACC,FAHA,教席爱丽丝KJacobs,MDC,FAHA,即时过位强纳森LHalperinMDFACFAHAE南希MAlbert博士/CCNS/CRN/FAHABiykem Bozkurt,MD博士,FACCFAHA拉尔夫GBrindis,MD,MPH,MACC马克ACreagerMDFAC

抽象性 :十一.改善DIABETESCEDiates战略是一种慢性病,需要持续医疗护理和病人自我管理教育,以防止急性复杂症并减少长期复杂症风险糖尿病护理复杂,需要处理很多问题,超出甘油控制范围。有大量证据支持一系列干预措施改善糖尿病结果betway亚洲医疗标准旨在向临床医生、病人、研究人员、支付者和其他有关个人提供糖尿病护理、治疗目标和工具等成分评价护理质量个人偏好、余发性和其他病人因素可能要求修改目标,但提供大多数糖尿病患者所期望的目标这些标准并不是为了排除其他专家视需要对病人进行更广泛的评价和管理。详情请参考Bode(Ed.):1型糖尿病医疗管理(1)、Burant(Ed):2型糖尿病医疗管理(2)和Klingensmith医疗管理(3)推荐内容包括诊断和治疗行动,已知或认为会有利地影响糖尿病患者的健康结果由美国糖尿病协会开发并仿照现有方法建模的分级系统(表1)被用于澄清和编译构成建议基础的证据支持每项建议的证据级别使用字母A、B、C或E

抽象性 :ACC/AHA: 美国心脏病学院/美心协ACCF/AHA: 美国心脏病学院ACE协会

抽象性 :betway亚洲ABI : ankle–brachial index ACCORD : Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes ADVANCE : Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron Modified Release Controlled Evaluation AGREE : Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation AHA : American Heart Association apoA1 : apolipoprotein A1 apoB : apolipoprotein B CABG : coronary artery bypass graft surgery CARDS : Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study CCNAP : Council on Cardiovascular Nursing and Allied Professions CHARISMA : Clopidogrel for High Athero-thrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilisation, Management, and Avoidance CHD : coronary heart disease CKD : chronic kidney disease COMMIT : Clopidogrel and Metoprolol in Myocardial Infarction Trial CRP : C-reactive protein CURE : Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events CVD : cardiovascular disease DALYs : disability-adjusted life years DBP : diastolic blood pressure DCCT : Diabetes Control and Complications Trial ED : erectile dysfunction eGFR : estimated glomerular filtration rate EHN : European Heart Network EPIC : European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition EUROASPIRE : European Action on Secondary and Primary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events GFR : glomerular filtration rate GOSPEL : Global Secondary Prevention Strategies to Limit Event Recurrence After MI GRADE : Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation HbA1c : glycated haemoglobin HDL : high-density lipoprotein HF-ACTION : Heart Failure and A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise TraiNing HOT : Hypertension Optimal Treatment Study HPS : Heart Protection Study HR : hazard ratio hsCRP : high-sensitivity C-reactive protein HYVET : Hypertension in the Very Elderly Trial ICD : International Classification of Diseases IMT : intima-media thickness INVEST : International Verapamil SR/Trandolapril JTF : Joint Task Force LDL : low-density lipoprotein Lp(a) : lipoprotein(a) LpPLA2 : lipoprotein-associated phospholipase 2 LVH : left ventricular hypertrophy MATCH : Management of Atherothrombosis with Clopidogrel in High-risk Patients with Recent Transient Ischaemic Attack or Ischaemic Stroke MDRD : Modification of Diet in Renal Disease MET : metabolic equivalent MONICA : Multinational MONItoring of trends and determinants in CArdiovascular disease NICE : National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence NRT : nicotine replacement therapy NSTEMI : non-ST elevation myocardial infarction ONTARGET : Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial OSA : obstructive sleep apnoea PAD : peripheral artery disease PCI : percutaneous coronary intervention PROactive : Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events PWV : pulse wave velocity QOF : Quality and Outcomes Framework RCT : randomized clinical trial RR : relative risk SBP : systolic blood pressure SCORE : Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation Project SEARCH : Study of the Effectiveness of Additional Reductions in Cholesterol and SHEP : Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program STEMI : ST-elevation myocardial infarction SU.FOL.OM3 : SUpplementation with FOlate, vitamin B6 and B12 and/or OMega-3 fatty acids Syst-Eur : Systolic Hypertension in Europe TNT : Treating to New Targets UKPDS : United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study VADT : Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial VALUE : Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use VITATOPS : VITAmins TO Prevent Stroke VLDL : very low-density lipoprotein WHO : World Health Organization ### 1.1 Introduction Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a chronic disorder developing insidiously throughout life and usually progressing to an advanced stage by the time symptoms occur.即便CVD死亡率