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3200.38000 5007.47000 m 3209.15000 5007.47000 l S 3210.03000 5006.59000 0.87891 0.87891 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 3.34090 Tf 0.99955 0 0 1 317.05300 499.51800 Tm (0) Tj ET Q 3200.38000 5333.10000 m 3209.15000 5333.10000 l S 3210.03000 5331.35000 0.87891 0.86719 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00200 Tc /R24 3.34090 Tf 0.99955 0 0 1 316.26300 532.08100 Tm (10) Tj ET Q 3200.38000 5657.86000 m 3209.15000 5657.86000 l S 3210.03000 5656.98000 0.87891 0.87891 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00200 Tc /R24 3.34090 Tf 0.99955 0 0 1 316.26300 564.55700 Tm (20) Tj ET Q q 3259.18000 5037.31000 962.85900 620.55100 re W n 5.13000 w 0 J 0.75000 0.75000 0 SCN 3261.82000 5657.86000 m 3263.57000 5645.57000 l 3280.25000 5563.94000 l 3296.05000 5561.31000 l 3310.97000 5557.80000 l 3327.64000 5513.03000 l 3343.44000 5485.82000 l 3360.12000 5441.94000 l 3375.04000 5465.64000 l 3390.84000 5439.30000 l 3407.52000 5422.63000 l 3422.44000 5405.07000 l 3439.99000 5380.50000 l 3454.91000 5416.48000 l 3470.71000 5419.12000 l 3487.39000 5371.72000 l 3502.31000 5350.66000 l 3518.99000 5355.92000 l 3534.78000 5319.94000 l 3549.71000 5319.94000 l 3566.38000 5336.61000 l 3582.18000 5350.66000 l 3598.86000 5342.76000 l 3614.66000 5348.02000 l 3629.58000 5314.67000 l 3646.25000 5330.47000 l 3662.05000 5309.40000 l 3678.73000 5335.73000 l 3693.65000 5290.09000 l 3710.33000 5312.04000 l 3726.13000 5145.27000 l 3741.93000 5127.72000 l 3758.60000 5127.72000 l 3773.52000 5118.06000 l 3790.20000 5118.06000 l 3806 5097.87000 l 3820.92000 5103.14000 l 3837.60000 5092.61000 l 3853.40000 5079.44000 l 3870.07000 5093.48000 l 3884.99000 5098.75000 l 3900.79000 5078.56000 l 3917.47000 5082.07000 l 3933.27000 5092.61000 l 3949.94000 5079.44000 l 3964.87000 5076.81000 l 3980.66000 5055.74000 l 3997.34000 5046.09000 l 4012.26000 5061.89000 l 4028.94000 5055.74000 l 4044.74000 5048.72000 l 4077.21000 5048.72000 l 4092.13000 5045.21000 l 4108.81000 5046.09000 l 4124.61000 5046.09000 l 4139.53000 5053.99000 l 4156.21000 5060.13000 l 4172.01000 5056.62000 l 4188.68000 5042.58000 l 4203.60000 5048.72000 l 4221.16000 5055.74000 l 4222.04000 5055.74000 l S Q q 3505.82000 5169.85000 716.21900 488.00800 re W n 5.13000 w 0 J 1 0 0 SCN 3509.33000 5657.86000 m 3518.99000 5615.73000 l 3534.78000 5641.18000 l 3549.71000 5604.32000 l 3566.38000 5620.99000 l 3582.18000 5547.26000 l 3598.86000 5654.35000 l 3614.66000 5544.63000 l 3629.58000 5538.49000 l 3646.25000 5613.09000 l 3662.05000 5566.57000 l 3678.73000 5554.29000 l 3693.65000 5546.39000 l 3710.33000 5613.09000 l 3726.13000 5384.01000 l 3741.93000 5333.10000 l 3758.60000 5344.51000 l 3773.52000 5319.94000 l 3790.20000 5302.38000 l 3806 5302.38000 l 3820.92000 5283.07000 l 3837.60000 5276.05000 l 3853.40000 5311.16000 l 3870.07000 5281.32000 l 3884.99000 5266.39000 l 3900.79000 5277.81000 l 3917.47000 5280.44000 l 3933.27000 5280.44000 l 3949.94000 5259.37000 l 3964.87000 5267.27000 l 3980.66000 5227.78000 l 3997.34000 5189.16000 l 4012.26000 5203.20000 l 4028.94000 5208.47000 l 4044.74000 5187.40000 l 4060.54000 5190.03000 l 4077.21000 5199.69000 l 4092.13000 5205.83000 l 4108.81000 5218.12000 l 4124.61000 5187.40000 l 4139.53000 5195.30000 l 4156.21000 5205.83000 l 4172.01000 5175.11000 l 4188.68000 5177.75000 l 4203.60000 5194.42000 l 4221.16000 5201.44000 l 4222.04000 5197.93000 l S Q q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.01376 Tc /R24 6.55340 Tf 0.99959 0 0 1 357.86700 491.35500 Tm 0.01638 Tw [ (it) 11.89270 (e) -9.71986 (r) 0.09317 (\056 \0501) -7.09982 (e4) -7.08864 (\051) ] TJ 0.06684 Tc 0 0.99959 -1 0 313.98100 509.87500 Tm -0.03670 Tw [ (t) 19.97640 (r) 8.19181 (ai) 20.02860 (ni) 6.61904 (ng er) 8.21417 (r) 8.19181 (o) 1.01373 (r) 8.19181 ( \050) 21.58640 (\045) -0.87956 (\051) ] TJ ET Q q 3088.62000 4892.78000 2362.52000 782.62900 re W n 1 1 1 scn 4248.37000 4896 1202.77000 779.41000 re f Q 1 1 1 scn 4418.64000 5007.47000 1020.79000 650.39100 re f 0 J 1 1 1 SCN 4418.64000 5007.47000 m 4418.64000 5657.86000 l 5439.43000 5657.86000 l 5439.43000 5007.47000 l 4418.64000 5007.47000 l S 0 0 0 SCN 4418.64000 5007.47000 m 5439.43000 5007.47000 l S 0 0 0 scn 5439.43000 5006.59000 0.87891 0.87891 re f 4418.64000 5007.47000 m 4418.64000 5657.86000 l S 4419.52000 5656.98000 0.87891 0.87891 re f 4418.64000 5007.47000 m 4418.64000 5018 l S 4419.52000 5017.12000 0.87891 0.87891 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 3.34090 Tf 0.99955 0 0 1 441.16200 497.32400 Tm (0) Tj ET Q 4578.39000 5007.47000 m 4578.39000 5018 l S 4578.39000 5017.12000 0.87891 0.87891 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 3.34090 Tf 0.99955 0 0 1 457.04900 497.32400 Tm (1) Tj ET Q 4737.26000 5007.47000 m 4737.26000 5018 l S 4738.13000 5017.12000 0.88281 0.87891 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 3.34090 Tf 0.99955 0 0 1 473.02300 497.32400 Tm (2) Tj ET Q 4897 5007.47000 m 4897 5018 l S 4897 5017.12000 0.87891 0.87891 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 3.34090 Tf 0.99955 0 0 1 488.91000 497.32400 Tm (3) Tj ET Q 5055.87000 5007.47000 m 5055.87000 5018 l S 5056.74000 5017.12000 0.87891 0.87891 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 3.34090 Tf 0.99955 0 0 1 504.88400 497.32400 Tm (4) Tj ET Q 5215.61000 5007.47000 m 5215.61000 5018 l S 5215.61000 5017.12000 0.87891 0.87891 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 3.34090 Tf 0.99955 0 0 1 520.85900 497.32400 Tm (5) Tj ET Q 5374.48000 5007.47000 m 5374.48000 5018 l S 5375.36000 5017.12000 0.87109 0.87891 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 3.34090 Tf 0.99955 0 0 1 536.74600 497.32400 Tm (6) Tj ET Q 4418.64000 5007.47000 m 4427.42000 5007.47000 l S 4428.30000 5006.59000 0.87891 0.87891 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 3.34090 Tf 0.99955 0 0 1 439.75800 499.51800 Tm (0) Tj ET Q 4418.64000 5333.10000 m 4427.42000 5333.10000 l S 4428.30000 5331.35000 0.87891 0.86719 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00200 Tc /R24 3.34090 Tf 0.99955 0 0 1 438.09000 532.08100 Tm (10) Tj ET Q 4418.64000 5657.86000 m 4427.42000 5657.86000 l S 4428.30000 5656.98000 0.87891 0.87891 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00200 Tc /R24 3.34090 Tf 0.99955 0 0 1 438.09000 564.55700 Tm (20) Tj ET Q q 4479.21000 5312.91000 961.09800 344.94900 re W n 6.41000 w 0.75000 0.75000 0 SCN 4482.72000 5657.86000 m 4498.52000 5574.47000 l 4514.32000 5621.87000 l 4529.24000 5530.59000 l 4545.91000 5520.93000 l 4561.71000 5530.59000 l 4578.39000 5491.97000 l 4593.31000 5529.71000 l 4609.11000 5488.46000 l 4625.79000 5485.82000 l 4640.71000 5461.25000 l 4658.26000 5466.51000 l 4673.18000 5475.29000 l 4688.98000 5461.25000 l 4705.66000 5466.51000 l 4720.58000 5435.79000 l 4737.26000 5439.30000 l 4753.05000 5443.69000 l 4767.98000 5458.61000 l 4784.65000 5433.16000 l 4800.45000 5427.89000 l 4817.13000 5441.06000 l 4832.93000 5436.67000 l 4847.85000 5413.85000 l 4864.52000 5430.53000 l 4880.32000 5427.89000 l 4897 5414.73000 l 4911.92000 5422.63000 l 4928.60000 5421.75000 l 4944.40000 5341.88000 l 4960.20000 5333.10000 l 4976.87000 5328.71000 l 4991.79000 5331.35000 l 5008.47000 5328.71000 l 5024.27000 5325.20000 l 5039.19000 5335.73000 l 5055.87000 5333.10000 l 5071.67000 5336.61000 l 5088.34000 5336.61000 l 5103.26000 5335.73000 l 5119.06000 5339.25000 l 5135.74000 5327.83000 l 5151.54000 5331.35000 l 5168.21000 5333.10000 l 5183.14000 5335.73000 l 5198.93000 5326.08000 l 5215.61000 5326.08000 l 5230.53000 5322.57000 l 5247.21000 5327.83000 l 5263.01000 5324.32000 l 5278.81000 5327.83000 l 5295.48000 5321.69000 l 5310.40000 5322.57000 l 5327.08000 5322.57000 l 5342.88000 5321.69000 l 5357.80000 5322.57000 l 5374.48000 5319.06000 l 5390.28000 5322.57000 l 5406.95000 5319.94000 l 5421.87000 5322.57000 l 5440.31000 5322.57000 l S Q q 4764.47000 5428.77000 675.84000 229.09000 re W n 6.41000 w 1 0 0 SCN 4767.98000 5657.86000 m 4767.98000 5655.22000 l 4784.65000 5651.71000 l 4800.45000 5594.66000 l 4817.13000 5646.45000 l 4832.93000 5656.98000 l 4847.85000 5606.95000 l 4864.52000 5610.46000 l 4880.32000 5596.42000 l 4897 5593.78000 l 4911.92000 5602.56000 l 4928.60000 5613.97000 l 4944.40000 5480.56000 l 4960.20000 5471.78000 l 4976.87000 5463 l 4991.79000 5458.61000 l 5008.47000 5452.47000 l 5024.27000 5452.47000 l 5039.19000 5446.33000 l 5055.87000 5447.20000 l 5071.67000 5461.25000 l 5088.34000 5455.10000 l 5103.26000 5443.69000 l 5119.06000 5444.57000 l 5135.74000 5452.47000 l 5151.54000 5448.96000 l 5168.21000 5452.47000 l 5183.14000 5463 l 5198.93000 5443.69000 l 5215.61000 5438.43000 l 5230.53000 5436.67000 l 5247.21000 5444.57000 l 5263.01000 5436.67000 l 5278.81000 5438.43000 l 5295.48000 5441.94000 l 5310.40000 5435.79000 l 5327.08000 5434.04000 l 5342.88000 5439.30000 l 5357.80000 5441.06000 l 5390.28000 5441.06000 l 5406.95000 5436.67000 l 5421.87000 5436.67000 l 5439.43000 5438.43000 l 5440.31000 5438.43000 l S Q q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.01376 Tc /R24 6.55340 Tf 0.99959 0 0 1 479.69400 491.35500 Tm 0.01638 Tw [ (it) 11.89640 (e) -9.71986 (r) 0.08945 (\056 \0501) -7.10355 (e4) -7.08864 (\051) ] TJ 0.01114 Tc 0 0.99959 -1 0 435.80800 515.49200 Tm 0.01900 Tw [ (tes) -11.10630 (t) 11.47900 ( e) -10.02550 (rro) -7.50606 (r \050\045\051) ] TJ -0.08624 Tc /R26 6.58290 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 400.26100 523.48000 Tm [ (5) -0.16326 (6) -13.59510 (\055) -12.12210 (l) -12.44490 (a) -12.05160 (y) -25.20140 (e) -25.34980 (r) 0.49720 ] TJ 15.44800 TL T* [ (2) -0.16326 (0) -13.59510 (\055) -12.12210 (l) -12.44490 (a) -12.05160 (y) -25.20140 (e) -25.34980 (r) 0.49720 ] TJ 121.44500 38.26840 Td [ (5) -0.16326 (6) -13.59510 (\055) -12.11840 (l) -12.44490 (a) -12.05160 (y) -25.20140 (e) -25.34980 (r) 0.49720 ] TJ 11.93670 TL T* [ (2) -0.16326 (0) -13.59510 (\055) -12.11840 (l) -12.44490 (a) -12.05160 (y) -25.20140 (e) -25.34980 (r) 0.49720 ] TJ ET Q /R28 gs 0.13745 0.12280 0.12598 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 308.86200 480.31100 Tm [ (Figure) -310.01700 (1\056) -309.99000 (T) 35.02120 (raining) -309.98400 (error) -310.98900 (\050left\051) -310.01200 (and) -309.99000 (test) -310.00600 (error) -309.98400 (\050right\051) -309.99500 (on) -310.01200 (CIF) 73.99040 (AR\05510) ] TJ 10.95860 TL T* [ (with) -261.90700 (20\055layer) -262.01600 (and) -261.89100 (56\055layer) -262.88700 (\215plain\216) -261.99700 (netw) 9.99826 (orks\056) -345.89900 (The) -261.89400 (deeper) -261.98600 (netw) 9.99826 (ork) ] TJ T* [ (has) -311.98600 (higher) -310.90700 (training) -311.89000 (error) 40.10470 (\054) -326.98000 (and) -311.99400 (thus) -311.00300 (test) -312.01000 (error) 55.00680 (\056) -495.01200 (Similar) -310.99200 (phenomena) ] TJ T* [ (on) -249.97800 (ImageNet) -249.99700 (is) -250.00800 (presented) -249.99200 (in) -250.01400 (Fig\056) -250.01700 (4\056) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 25.79570 TL T* [ (greatly) -249.98500 (bene\223ted) -249.89500 (from) -249.98800 (v) 14.98280 (ery) -250.00200 (deep) -249.99700 (models\056) ] TJ 11.95510 -13.91990 Td [ (Dri) 24.98360 (v) 14.98280 (en) -255.01100 (by) -255.01100 (the) -255.00900 (signi\223cance) -256.00100 (of) -255.01600 (depth\054) -256.01600 (a) -254.98200 (question) -255.02100 (arises\072) ] TJ /R18 9.96260 Tf 217.10200 0 Td (Is) Tj -229.05700 -11.95510 Td [ (learning) -319.91000 (better) -320.00800 (networks) -319.99100 (as) -320.01500 (easy) -319.98600 (as) -320.99500 (stac) 20.01140 (king) -320.01000 (mor) 36.98890 (e) -319.99100 (layer) 10.00810 (s\077) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 11.95510 TL T* [ (An) -368.01000 (obstacle) -369.01900 (to) -368.00500 (answering) -369.01700 (this) -367.99300 (question) -369.00200 (w) 10.00320 (as) -368.01200 (the) -368.98700 (notorious) ] TJ T* [ (problem) -269.88900 (of) -269.99200 (v) 24.98110 (anishing\057e) 15.01710 (xploding) -269.98900 (gradients) -270.00900 (\13314\054) -269.90600 (1\054) -269.90600 (8\135\054) -275.00800 (which) ] TJ T* [ (hamper) -427.01700 (con) 40.11590 (v) 14.98280 (er) 17.99450 (gence) -426.01000 (from) -427.01700 (the) -425.99800 (be) 15.01710 (ginning\056) -840.01200 (This) -427.00200 (problem\054) ] TJ T* [ (ho) 24.98600 (we) 25.01300 (v) 14.98280 (er) 39.99090 (\054) -299.00600 (has) -289.98300 (been) -289.98800 (lar) 17.99700 (gely) -288.99600 (addressed) -290.02000 (by) -289 (normalized) -290.00600 (initial\055) ] TJ T* [ (ization) -210.88400 (\13323\054) -211.01400 (8\054) -212.00100 (36\054) -211.01100 (12\135) -211.01600 (and) -211.01900 (intermediate) -212.01400 (normalization) -211.99900 (layers) ] TJ T* [ (\13316\135\054) -225.99700 (which) -219.00800 (enable) -219.01700 (netw) 10.00810 (orks) -219.98800 (with) -218.99800 (tens) -219.98800 (of) -218.98300 (layers) -219.99800 (to) -219.01200 (start) -219.98800 (con\055) ] TJ T* [ (v) 14.98280 (er) 17.99450 (ging) -377.01300 (for) -378.01800 (stochastic) -377.00300 (gradient) -377.01600 (descent) -376.98600 (\050SGD\051) -376.98100 (with) -377.99100 (back\055) ] TJ T* [ (propag) 5.10944 (ation) -250.01700 (\13322\135\056) ] TJ 11.95510 -13.91990 Td [ (When) -406.90500 (deeper) -408.01800 (netw) 10.00810 (orks) -406.89800 (are) -407.07900 (able) -406.90800 (to) -408 (start) -407.01500 (con) 39.99820 (v) 14.98280 (er) 17.99210 (ging\054) 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(this) -417.00300 (paper) 39.99090 (\054) -459.01900 (we) -416.99400 (address) -417.01900 (the) -416.98200 (de) 15.01830 (gradation) -417.98700 (problem) -417.00100 (by) ] TJ -11.95510 -11.95510 Td [ (introducing) -601.89500 (a) ] TJ /R18 9.96260 Tf 62.34770 0 Td [ (deep) -602.01600 (r) 37.01960 (esidual) -601.00600 (learning) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 102.84100 0 Td [ (frame) 25.01300 (w) 10 (ork\056) -1365.02000 (In\055) ] TJ -165.18900 -11.95510 Td [ (stead) -558.99500 (of) -559.00300 (hoping) -559.01200 (each) -559.01300 (fe) 25.00810 (w) -559.00200 (stack) 10.00810 (ed) -559.00400 (layers) -560.01700 (directly) -558.98500 (\223t) -558.98300 (a) ] TJ T* [ (desired) -451.01100 (underlying) -450.90800 (mapping\054) -500.89800 (we) -450.00500 (e) 15.01220 (xplicitly) -451.01500 (let) -449.99400 (these) -451.01300 (lay\055) ] TJ T* [ (ers) -333.00400 (\223t) -332.00200 (a) -333.00800 (residual) -332.00500 (mapping\056) -557.98700 (F) 14.99260 (ormally) 64.99900 (\054) -354.01700 (denoting) -333.00800 (the) -332.99600 (desired) ] TJ T* [ (underlying) -298.89400 (mapping) -299.01300 (as) ] TJ /R16 9.96260 Tf 95.27420 0 Td (H) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 8.51016 0 Td (\050) Tj /R41 9.96260 Tf 3.87422 0 Td (x) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 6.04727 0 Td (\051) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 3.87578 0 Td [ (\054) -311.00400 (we) -299.01400 (let) -299 (the) -299.98200 (stack) 10.00810 (ed) -299.98900 (nonlinear) ] TJ -117.58000 -11.95550 Td [ (layers) -229.99500 (\223t) -229 (another) -229.99100 (mapping) -228.98500 (of) ] TJ /R16 9.96260 Tf 116.57900 0 Td (F) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 8.14922 0 Td (\050) Tj /R41 9.96260 Tf 3.87578 0 Td (x) Tj 2.77857 Tc /R39 9.96260 Tf 6.04727 0 Td [ (\051\072) 278.09500 (\075) ] TJ 0 Tc /R16 9.96260 Tf 19.92500 0 Td (H) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 8.51016 0 Td (\050) Tj /R41 9.96260 Tf 3.87461 0 Td (x) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 6.04727 0 Td (\051) Tj /R16 9.96260 Tf 5.33281 0 Td (\212) Tj /R41 9.96260 Tf 9.20742 0 Td (x) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 6.04727 0 Td [ (\056) -303.00600 (The) -229.99600 (orig\055) ] TJ -193.59300 -11.95510 Td [ (inal) -213.98800 (mapping) -214.00800 (is) -213.01000 (recast) -214.00600 (into) ] TJ /R16 9.96260 Tf 105.84400 0 Td (F) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 8.15039 0 Td (\050) Tj /R41 9.96260 Tf 3.87461 0 Td (x) Tj 0.88567 Tc /R39 9.96260 Tf 6.04727 0 Td (\051\053) Tj 0 Tc /R41 9.96260 Tf 13.38280 0 Td (x) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 6.04727 0 Td [ (\056) -297.98700 (W) 79.98660 (e) -214.00800 (h) 4.98446 (ypothesize) -214.01600 (that) -213.00900 (it) ] TJ -143.34500 -11.95510 Td [ (is) -282.99800 (easier) -283.01500 (to) -284.01900 (optimize) -283.01500 (the) -283.00400 (residual) -282.99300 (mapping) -283.01700 (than) -284.01900 (to) -283 (optimize) ] TJ 11.95590 TL T* [ (the) -330.01500 (original\054) -348.89100 (unreferenced) -329.91700 (mapping\056) -549.90900 (T) 79.99160 (o) -329 (the) -330.01600 (e) 15.01220 (xtreme\054) -350.00500 (if) -330.01800 (an) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (identity) -321.98500 (mapping) -323.00900 (were) -321.91600 (optimal\054) -340.88200 (it) -322.01000 (w) 10 (ould) -322.00300 (be) -323.00500 (easier) -321.98800 (to) -322.99300 (push) ] TJ T* [ (the) -207.99700 (residual) -207.98600 (to) -207.01200 (zero) -208.01200 (than) -207.99200 (to) -207.99200 (\223t) -207.98200 (an) -206.98400 (identity) -208.00500 (mapping) -208.00900 (by) -207.99500 (a) -208.00900 (stack) ] TJ T* [ (of) -249.99600 (nonlinear) -250.01400 (layers\056) ] TJ 11.95510 -13.39840 Td [ (The) -229.01600 (formulation) -228.89900 (of) ] TJ /R16 9.96260 Tf 77.67540 0 Td (F) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 8.15039 0 Td (\050) Tj /R41 9.96260 Tf 3.87461 0 Td (x) Tj 1.44358 Tc /R39 9.96260 Tf 6.04727 0 Td (\051\053) Tj 0 Tc /R41 9.96260 Tf 14.49260 0 Td (x) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 8.32773 0 Td [ (can) -228.90700 (be) -228.98100 (realized) -228.98400 (by) -229.01100 (feedfor) 19.98930 (\055) ] TJ -130.52200 -11.95510 Td [ (w) 10.00140 (ard) -271.99600 (neural) -271.98800 (netw) 10.00940 (orks) -271.98200 (with) -272.01100 (\215shortcut) -272.01000 (connections\216) -272.98600 (\050Fig\056) -272.00600 (2\051\056) ] TJ T* [ (Shortcut) -313.91100 (connections) -313.91600 (\1332\054) -315.00300 (33\054) -314.01900 (48\135) -314.01900 (are) -314 (those) -314.00600 (skipping) -313.97900 (one) -315.00100 (or) ] TJ 11.95590 TL T* [ (more) -336.01300 (layers\056) -566.99500 (In) -335.98200 (our) -336.01500 (case\054) -357.00400 (the) -336.01500 (shortcut) -335.99500 (connections) -335.99100 (simply) ] TJ 11.95510 TL (perform) ' /R18 9.96260 Tf 35.94880 0 Td (identity) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 33.74730 0 Td [ (mapping\054) -421.89200 (and) -386.91000 (their) -388.00100 (outputs) -386.99200 (are) -387.00700 (added) -388.00600 (to) ] TJ -69.69610 -11.95510 Td [ (the) -374.00800 (outputs) -372.99500 (of) -374.01500 (the) -374.00900 (stack) 10.00810 (ed) -372.99500 (layers) -374.01000 (\050Fig\056) -373.98900 (2\051\056) -681.01900 (Identity) -373.98700 (short\055) ] TJ T* [ (cut) -342.99400 (connections) -342.89100 (add) -342.99500 (neither) -342.91100 (e) 15.01220 (xtra) -344.01600 (parameter) -343.98200 (nor) -342.99400 (computa\055) ] TJ T* [ (tional) -349.99300 (comple) 14.99870 (xity) 64.99410 (\056) -608.99400 (The) -348.99600 (entire) -350.01300 (netw) 10.00940 (ork) -350.01300 (can) -349.00300 (still) -349.98600 (be) -350.02000 (trained) ] TJ -0.00100 Tc T* [ (end\055to\055end) -287.01300 (by) -288.10300 (SGD) -287.09400 (with) -287.11400 (backpropagation\054) -297.08300 (and) -287.10900 (can) -287.11900 (be) -288.11100 (eas\055) ] TJ 0 Tc T* [ (ily) -324.00500 (implemented) -322.91800 (using) -323.99600 (common) -323.98900 (libraries) -323.89000 (\050) ] TJ -0.14944 Tc /R18 9.96260 Tf 171.09500 0 Td [ (e\056) -14.98520 (g) ] TJ 0 Tc /R14 9.96260 Tf 11.74610 0 Td [ (\056\054) -342.01600 (Caf) 24.98110 (fe) -323.99200 (\13319\135\051) ] TJ -182.84200 -11.95510 Td [ (without) -249.99700 (modifying) -249.91100 (the) -249.99000 (solv) 15.00120 (ers\056) ] TJ 11.95510 -13.39840 Td [ (W) 79.98730 (e) -498 (present) -497.00400 (comprehensi) 25.00560 (v) 14.98280 (e) -498 (e) 15.01220 (xperiments) -497.01800 (on) -497.98600 (ImageNet) ] TJ -11.95510 -11.95510 Td [ (\13335\135) -483.01400 (to) -483.00500 (sho) 24.99220 (w) -483.01500 (the) -483.01000 (de) 15.01830 (gradation) -482.99500 (problem) -482.99000 (and) -483.01300 (e) 25.01050 (v) 24.98110 (aluate) -483.01000 (our) ] TJ T* [ (method\056) -305.01500 (W) 79.98730 (e) -234.98500 (sho) 24.99220 (w) -235.99700 (that\072) -302.00600 (1\051) -235.99900 (Our) -235.01500 (e) 15.01220 (xtremely) -234.99500 (deep) -235.01700 (residual) -235.98000 (nets) ] TJ T* [ (are) -311.99900 (easy) -311.98500 (to) -310.99500 (optimize\054) -327.98600 (b) 20.00160 (ut) -312.01900 (t) 0.98758 (he) -311.00600 (counterpart) -312.01200 (\215plain\216) -312.01400 (nets) -312.01200 (\050that) ] TJ T* [ (simply) -307.00400 (stack) -306.91900 (layers\051) -305.98400 (e) 15.01220 (xhibit) -307.01000 (higher) -306.99300 (training) -307.01700 (error) -307.01700 (when) -307 (the) ] TJ T* [ (depth) -282.99400 (increases\073) -298.99800 (2\051) -283.01000 (Our) -283.00700 (deep) -283.01000 (residual) -282.99300 (nets) -282.99700 (can) -283.01400 (easily) -282.99400 (enjo) 10.01060 (y) ] TJ T* [ (accurac) 14.99690 (y) -275.98800 (g) 4.98446 (ains) -275 (from) -275.98200 (greatly) -275 (increased) -275.99100 (depth\054) -282.01200 (producing) -276.00300 (re\055) ] TJ T* [ (sults) -250.00500 (substantially) -250.01700 (better) -249.91200 (than) -250.10300 (pre) 25.01300 (vious) -249.89100 (netw) 10.00810 (orks\056) ] TJ 11.95510 -13.39880 Td [ (Similar) -249.99600 (phenomena) -250.99200 (are) -249.89200 (also) -251.00300 (sho) 24.99220 (wn) -249.99000 (on) -251.00700 (the) -249.99000 (CIF) 74.01220 (AR\05510) -250.99500 (set) ] TJ -11.95510 -11.95510 Td [ (\13320\135\054) -435.01900 (suggesting) -398.00300 (that) -397.99700 (the) -398.00500 (optimization) -397.99200 (dif) 24.98600 (\223culties) -398.01200 (and) -398.00700 (the) ] TJ T* [ (ef) 25.00810 (fects) -196.00500 (of) -196.98500 (our) -196 (method) -196.99500 (are) -196.01900 (not) -197.00900 (just) -195.98100 (akin) -195.99400 (to) -197.01400 (a) -196.01100 (particular) -197.01400 (dataset\056) ] TJ T* [ (W) 79.98730 (e) -244.98300 (present) -245.98700 (successfully) -244.98600 (trained) -245.98600 (models) -244.98600 (on) -245.98800 (this) -244.99300 (dataset) -245.98600 (with) ] TJ 11.95630 TL T* [ (o) 14.98280 (v) 14.98280 (er) -250 (100) -249.98200 (layers\054) -249.98900 (and) -249.99100 (e) 15.01220 (xplore) -249.98300 (models) -250.00600 (with) -250.01500 (o) 14.98280 (v) 14.98280 (er) -250 (1000) -250.01700 (layers\056) ] TJ 11.95510 -13.39880 Td [ (On) -360.01000 (the) -360.01000 (ImageNet) -358.98800 (classi\223cation) -360.01000 (dataset) -360.00600 (\13335\135\054) -386.98900 (we) -359.98200 (obtain) ] TJ -11.95510 -11.95510 Td [ (e) 15.01280 (xcellent) -266.01600 (results) -266.01000 (by) -265.98500 (e) 15.01220 (xtremely) -266.01000 (deep) -265.99400 (residual) -266.01400 (nets\056) -358.98200 (Our) -265.99000 (152\055) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (layer) -295.01000 (residual) -296.01100 (net) -295.00200 (is) -296.01600 (the) -295.00200 (deepest) -295 (netw) 10.00940 (ork) -295.98200 (e) 25.01050 (v) 14.98280 (er) -295.01700 (presented) -296.01700 (on) ] TJ T* [ (ImageNet\054) -376.90400 (while) -350.98200 (still) -351.90700 (ha) 19.99790 (ving) -351.01700 (lo) 24.98850 (wer) -351.98500 (comple) 14.99750 (xity) -351.01500 (than) -352.00700 (V) 14.98030 (GG) ] TJ T* [ (nets) -449.00900 (\13340\135\056) -906 (Our) -449.01800 (ensemble) -449.00100 (has) ] TJ /R12 9.96260 Tf 128.44700 0 Td (3\05657\045) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 31.86720 0 Td [ (top\0555) -448.88600 (error) -447.89600 (on) -449.01300 (the) ] TJ 98.43670 629.03800 Td (ImageNet) Tj /R18 9.96260 Tf 43.28830 0 Td (test) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 18.02340 0 Td [ (set\054) -439.99300 (and) ] TJ /R18 9.96260 Tf 36.33480 0 Td [ (won) -401.98700 (the) -402.00200 (1st) -401.99200 (place) -402.00200 (in) -402.00200 (the) -402.00200 (ILSVRC) ] TJ -97.64650 -11.95510 Td [ (2015) -358 (classi\223cation) -358.90300 (competition) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 126.69100 0 Td [ (\056) -634.98700 (The) -358.01400 (e) 15.01220 (xtremely) -359.01400 (deep) -358.01900 (rep\055) ] TJ -126.69100 -11.95510 Td [ (resentations) -232.00800 (also) -231.98600 (ha) 19.99670 (v) 14.98280 (e) -232.00500 (e) 15.01220 (xcellent) -231.98100 (generalization) -232.01500 (performance) ] TJ T* [ (on) -366.00800 (other) -366.00800 (recognition) -365.98300 (tasks\054) -395.00800 (and) -366.01200 (lead) -366.01200 (us) -366.00800 (to) -366.00800 (further) ] TJ /R18 9.96260 Tf 206.03400 0 Td [ (win) -365.99300 (the) ] TJ -206.03400 -11.95630 Td [ (1st) -314.98900 (places) -315.89300 (on\072) -439.99800 (Ima) 10.00320 (g) 10.00320 (eNet) -316.01300 (detection\054) -331.01800 (Ima) 10.00320 (g) 10.00320 (eNet) -316.01600 (localization\054) ] TJ 11.95630 TL T* [ (COCO) -331.01100 (detection\054) -350.89500 (and) -330.98900 (COCO) -331.00800 (se) 39.99330 (gmentation) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 178.72800 0 Td [ (in) -330.99400 (ILSVRC) -330.99900 (\046) ] TJ -178.72800 -11.95510 Td [ (COCO) -237.88900 (2015) -239.11700 (competitions\056) -305.89000 (This) -237.89700 (strong) -238.99400 (e) 25.01050 (vidence) -237.99000 (sho) 24.99090 (ws) -239.00900 (that) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (the) -213.01600 (residual) -213.98400 (learning) -212.88800 (principle) -213.90100 (is) -213.00900 (generic\054) -221.01700 (and) -213.99900 (we) -212.98400 (e) 15.01220 (xpect) -213.99400 (that) ] TJ T* [ (it) -249.98300 (is) -249.98500 (applicable) -250.01700 (in) -249.98500 (other) -249.98800 (vision) -250.00200 (and) -249.99300 (non\055vision) -249.98800 (problems\056) ] TJ /R12 11.95520 Tf -0.00664 -26.64060 Td [ (2\056) -249.98900 (Related) -250.00200 (W) 74.99720 (ork) ] TJ /R12 9.96260 Tf 19.83910 TL T* [ (Residual) -346.98900 (Repr) 18.08280 (esentations\056) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 117.46000 0 Td [ (In) -347 (image) -346.98600 (recognition\054) -370.99700 (VLAD) ] TJ -117.46000 -11.95510 Td [ (\13318\135) -253.99400 (is) -255.00400 (a) -254.00200 (representation) -254.99200 (that) -253.98200 (encodes) -253.98700 (by) -255.00600 (the) -253.98700 (residual) -254.99700 (v) 14.98280 (ectors) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (with) -308.00500 (respect) -307.00500 (to) -308.01500 (a) -307.01200 (dictionary) 64.99900 (\054) -321.98100 (and) -307.98300 (Fisher) -306.98300 (V) 111.00600 (ector) -307.98800 (\13330\135) -307.00300 (can) -307.99300 (be) ] TJ T* [ (formulated) -330.89800 (as) -331.00100 (a) -331.00800 (probabilistic) -330.99400 (v) 14.98280 (ersion) -330.98900 (\13318\135) -330.99900 (of) -331.98400 (VLAD\056) -330.98900 (Both) ] TJ T* [ (of) -277.01000 (them) -276.99300 (are) -276.98600 (po) 24.98600 (werful) -275.98800 (shallo) 25 (w) -277.00800 (representations) -276.98300 (for) -277.01300 (image) -276.99800 (re\055) ] TJ T* [ (trie) 24.98360 (v) 24.98110 (al) -362.99100 (and) -362.01300 (classi\223cation) -362.98800 (\1334\054) -362.99300 (47\135\056) 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3649.40000 m 1689.39000 3624.79000 l S 1689.39000 3593.16000 m 1668.30000 3635.34000 l 1681.19000 3629.48000 1697.59000 3629.48000 1710.48000 3635.34000 c 1689.39000 3593.16000 l f* 0.94922 0.86328 0.85547 scn 1448.06000 3268.66000 480.31300 70.28910 re f 0.49805 0.49805 0.49805 SCN 1448.06000 3268.66000 480.31300 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 155.11500 328.97500 Tm [ <10> 0.48899 <03> -0.29041 <10> 0.48899 <04> -23.47630 <05> 22.92530 <060708> -0.36240 <09> 0.28048 <04> -23.47130 <0d> 0.48899 <13> 0.48650 <0a> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0.94922 0.86328 0.85547 scn 1448.06000 3142.14000 480.31300 70.28910 re f 1448.06000 3142.14000 480.31300 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 155.11500 316.32300 Tm [ <10> 0.48899 <03> -0.29041 <10> 0.48899 <04> -23.47630 <05> 22.92530 <060708> -0.36240 <09> 0.28048 <04> -23.47130 <0d> 0.48899 <13> 0.48650 <0a> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN 1688.22000 3268.66000 m 1688.22000 3245.23000 l S 1688.22000 3212.43000 m 1667.13000 3255.78000 l 1680.02000 3248.75000 1696.42000 3248.75000 1709.30000 3255.78000 c 1688.22000 3212.43000 l f* 1688.22000 3395.18000 m 1688.22000 3371.75000 l S 1688.22000 3338.95000 m 1667.13000 3382.30000 l 1680.02000 3375.27000 1696.42000 3375.27000 1709.30000 3382.30000 c 1688.22000 3338.95000 l f* 0.94922 0.86328 0.85547 scn 1449.23000 3015.62000 480.30900 70.28910 re f 0.49805 0.49805 0.49805 SCN 1449.23000 3015.62000 480.30900 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 155.23300 303.67100 Tm [ <10> 0.48899 <03> -0.29041 <10> 0.48899 <04> -23.47630 <05> 22.92530 <060708> -0.36240 <09> 0.28048 <04> -23.55080 <0d> 0.48899 <13> 0.48650 <0a> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0.94922 0.86328 0.85547 scn 1449.23000 2889.10000 480.30900 70.28910 re f 1449.23000 2889.10000 480.30900 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 155.23300 291.01900 Tm [ <10> 0.48899 <03> -0.29041 <10> 0.48899 <04> -23.47630 <05> 22.92530 <060708> -0.36240 <09> 0.28048 <04> -23.55080 <0d> 0.48899 <13> 0.48650 <0a> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN 1689.39000 3015.62000 m 1689.39000 2991.02000 l S 1689.39000 2959.39000 m 1668.30000 3001.56000 l 1681.19000 2994.53000 1697.59000 2994.53000 1710.48000 3001.56000 c 1689.39000 2959.39000 l f* 1689.39000 3142.14000 m 1689.39000 3118.71000 l S 1689.39000 3085.91000 m 1668.30000 3128.08000 l 1681.19000 3122.23000 1697.59000 3122.23000 1710.48000 3128.08000 c 1689.39000 3085.91000 l f* 0.91797 0.93750 0.96094 scn 1449.23000 2761.41000 480.30900 70.28910 re f 0.49805 0.49805 0.49805 SCN 1449.23000 2761.41000 480.30900 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 151.83500 278.24900 Tm [ <10> -23.01210 <03> -1.06237 <10> 0.48899 <04> 0.35247 <05> -0.28793 <060708> 22.73910 <09> -23.50110 <04> 0.23084 <13> 0.48899 <11> 0.48650 <0d> -22.98980 <09> 0.28048 <04> 0.35247 <0c> 0.34750 <0d> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0.91797 0.93750 0.96094 scn 1449.23000 2634.89000 480.30900 70.28910 re f 1449.23000 2634.89000 480.30900 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 155.23300 265.59700 Tm [ <10> 0.48899 <03> -0.29041 <10> 0.48899 <04> -23.47630 <05> 22.92530 <060708> -0.36240 <09> 0.28048 <04> -23.55080 <13> 0.48899 <11> 0.48650 <0d> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN 1689.39000 2761.41000 m 1689.39000 2737.98000 l S 1689.39000 2705.18000 m 1668.30000 2748.52000 l 1681.19000 2741.49000 1697.59000 2741.49000 1710.48000 2748.52000 c 1689.39000 2705.18000 l f* 1689.39000 2889.10000 m 1689.39000 2864.50000 l S 1689.39000 2831.70000 m 1668.30000 2875.04000 l 1681.19000 2868.01000 1697.59000 2868.01000 1710.48000 2875.04000 c 1689.39000 2831.70000 l f* 0.91797 0.93750 0.96094 scn 1450.41000 2508.37000 480.30900 70.28910 re f 0.49805 0.49805 0.49805 SCN 1450.41000 2508.37000 480.30900 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 155.35000 252.94500 Tm [ <10> 0.48899 <03> -0.29041 <10> 0.48899 <04> -23.47630 <05> 22.92530 <060708> -0.36240 <09> 0.28048 <04> -23.55080 <13> 0.48899 <11> 0.48650 <0d> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0.91797 0.93750 0.96094 scn 1450.41000 2381.85000 480.30900 70.28910 re f 1450.41000 2381.85000 480.30900 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 155.35000 240.29300 Tm [ <10> 0.48899 <03> -0.29041 <10> 0.48899 <04> -23.47630 <05> 22.92530 <060708> -0.36240 <09> 0.28048 <04> -23.55080 <13> 0.48899 <11> 0.48650 <0d> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN 1690.56000 2508.37000 m 1690.56000 2483.76000 l S 1690.56000 2452.14000 m 1669.47000 2494.31000 l 1682.36000 2487.28000 1698.76000 2487.28000 1711.65000 2494.31000 c 1690.56000 2452.14000 l f* 1690.56000 2634.89000 m 1690.56000 2611.46000 l S 1690.56000 2578.66000 m 1669.47000 2620.83000 l 1682.36000 2614.97000 1698.76000 2614.97000 1711.65000 2620.83000 c 1690.56000 2578.66000 l f* 0.91797 0.93750 0.96094 scn 1449.23000 2254.15000 480.30900 70.29300 re f 0.49805 0.49805 0.49805 SCN 1449.23000 2254.15000 480.30900 70.29300 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 155.23300 227.52400 Tm [ <10> 0.48899 <03> -0.29041 <10> 0.48899 <04> -23.47630 <05> 22.92530 <060708> -0.36240 <09> 0.28048 <04> -23.55080 <13> 0.48899 <11> 0.48650 <0d> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0.91797 0.93750 0.96094 scn 1449.23000 2127.63000 480.30900 70.28910 re f 1449.23000 2127.63000 480.30900 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 155.23300 214.87200 Tm [ <10> 0.48899 <03> -0.29041 <10> 0.48899 <04> -23.47630 <05> 22.92530 <060708> -0.36240 <09> 0.28048 <04> -23.55080 <13> 0.48899 <11> 0.48650 <0d> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN 1689.39000 2254.15000 m 1689.39000 2230.72000 l S 1689.39000 2197.92000 m 1668.30000 2241.27000 l 1681.19000 2234.24000 1697.59000 2234.24000 1710.48000 2241.27000 c 1689.39000 2197.92000 l f* 1689.39000 2381.85000 m 1689.39000 2357.24000 l S 1689.39000 2324.44000 m 1668.30000 2367.79000 l 1681.19000 2360.76000 1697.59000 2360.76000 1710.48000 2367.79000 c 1689.39000 2324.44000 l f* 1687.05000 6312.19000 m 1687.05000 6287.59000 l S 1687.05000 6255.96000 m 1665.96000 6298.13000 l 1678.85000 6292.27000 1695.25000 6292.27000 1708.13000 6298.13000 c 1687.05000 6255.96000 l f* 1687.05000 2127.63000 m 1687.05000 2104.20000 l S 1687.05000 2071.40000 m 1665.96000 2114.75000 l 1678.85000 2107.72000 1695.25000 2107.72000 1708.13000 2114.75000 c 1687.05000 2071.40000 l f* q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 160.27000 202.22000 Tm [ <14> -0.43686 <08> -0.36240 <15> 23.48870 <04> -22.83840 <0e06060f> 0.28048 ] TJ ET Q 1683.53000 2001.11000 m 1683.53000 1976.51000 l S 1683.53000 1944.88000 m 1662.45000 1987.05000 l 1675.33000 1981.20000 1691.73000 1981.20000 1704.62000 1987.05000 c 1683.53000 1944.88000 l f* 1 1 1 scn 1443.38000 1874.59000 480.31300 70.28910 re f 0.49805 0.49805 0.49805 SCN 1443.38000 1874.59000 480.31300 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 160.97300 189.56800 Tm [ <16> -0.42941 <05> -0.28793 <04> 0.35247 <11> 0.48899 <17> 0.48899 <17> -22.93020 <17> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN 1687.05000 6945.96000 m 1687.05000 6415.28000 l S 1687.05000 6382.48000 m 1665.96000 6425.82000 l 1678.85000 6418.79000 1695.25000 6418.79000 1708.13000 6425.82000 c 1687.05000 6382.48000 l f* q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00049 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 162.26100 696.70500 Tm [ (\030) 0.28048 (\031) 24.03730 <14> -0.43934 <15> 23.08660 (\032) 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0.92188 0.94531 0.87500 scn 740.48000 4916.95000 480.30900 70.28130 re f 0.49805 0.49805 0.49805 SCN 740.48000 4916.95000 480.30900 70.28130 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 84.35740 493.80300 Tm [ <10> 0.48774 <03> -0.28917 <10> 0.48774 <04> 0.35619 <05> -0.29041 <060708> -0.36364 <09> 0.28048 <04> 0.35495 <13> 0.48899 <11> -22.90040 <0d> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0.85938 0.93359 0.95312 scn 738.14100 6819.44000 480.30900 70.28910 re f 738.14100 6819.44000 480.30900 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00049 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 85.41170 684.05300 Tm [ <10> 0.48774 <03> -0.28793 <10> 0.48774 <04> 0.35495 <05> -0.28917 <060708> -0.36488 <09> 0.28048 <04> 0.35495 <0a> -22.69440 <0b> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0.85938 0.93359 0.95312 scn 738.14100 6692.92000 480.30900 70.28910 re f 738.14100 6692.92000 480.30900 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00049 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 85.41170 671.40100 Tm [ <10> 0.48774 <03> -0.28793 <10> 0.48774 <04> 0.35495 <05> -0.28917 <060708> -0.36488 <09> 0.28048 <04> 0.35495 <0a> -22.69440 <0b> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 1 1 1 scn 739.30900 6566.40000 480.31300 70.28910 re f 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 90.09770 658.63200 Tm [ <0e06060f> 0.28048 <09> 0.28173 <04> -23.43160 <0c> 0.34750 <0d> 0.48650 ] TJ ET Q 0.99219 0.92188 0.86719 scn 739.30900 6438.71000 480.31300 70.28910 re f 739.30900 6438.71000 480.31300 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 84.24020 645.97900 Tm [ <10> 0.48774 <03> -0.28917 <10> 0.48774 <04> -23.47510 <05> 22.92400 <060708> -0.36364 <09> 0.28048 <04> -23.47130 <11> 0.48899 <0d> 0.48650 <12> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN 979.46900 6565.23000 m 979.46900 6541.80000 l S 979.46900 6509 m 958.37900 6552.34000 l 971.27000 6545.31000 987.67200 6545.31000 1000.55000 6552.34000 c 979.46900 6509 l f* 979.46900 6692.92000 m 979.46900 6668.32000 l S 979.46900 6635.52000 m 958.37900 6678.86000 l 971.27000 6671.83000 987.67200 6671.83000 1000.55000 6678.86000 c 979.46900 6635.52000 l f* 0.99219 0.92188 0.86719 scn 739.30900 6312.19000 480.31300 70.28910 re f 0.49805 0.49805 0.49805 SCN 739.30900 6312.19000 480.31300 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 84.24020 633.32700 Tm [ <10> 0.48774 <03> -0.28917 <10> 0.48774 <04> -23.47510 <05> 22.92400 <060708> -0.36364 <09> 0.28048 <04> -23.47130 <11> 0.48899 <0d> 0.48650 <12> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 1 1 1 scn 739.30900 6185.67000 480.31300 70.28520 re f 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 90.09770 620.67500 Tm [ <0e06060f> 0.28048 <09> 0.28173 <04> -23.43160 <0c> 0.34750 <0d> 0.48650 ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN 979.46900 6312.19000 m 979.46900 6287.59000 l S 979.46900 6255.96000 m 958.37900 6298.13000 l 971.27000 6292.27000 987.67200 6292.27000 1000.55000 6298.13000 c 979.46900 6255.96000 l f* 979.46900 6438.71000 m 979.46900 6415.28000 l S 979.46900 6382.48000 m 958.37900 6425.82000 l 971.27000 6418.79000 987.67200 6418.79000 1000.55000 6425.82000 c 979.46900 6382.48000 l f* 0.93359 0.91797 0.94922 scn 740.48000 6057.97000 480.30900 71.47270 re f 0.49805 0.49805 0.49805 SCN 740.48000 6057.97000 480.30900 71.47270 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 84.35740 607.90600 Tm [ <10> 0.48774 <03> -0.28917 <10> 0.48774 <04> -23.47510 <05> 22.92400 <060708> -0.36364 <09> 0.28048 <04> -23.55080 <0d> 0.48899 <13> 0.48650 <0a> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0.93359 0.91797 0.94922 scn 740.48000 5931.45000 480.30900 70.28910 re f 740.48000 5931.45000 480.30900 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 84.35740 595.25400 Tm [ <10> 0.48774 <03> -0.28917 <10> 0.48774 <04> -23.47510 <05> 22.92400 <060708> -0.36364 <09> 0.28048 <04> -23.55080 <0d> 0.48899 <13> 0.48650 <0a> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN 980.64100 6057.97000 m 980.64100 6034.54000 l S 980.64100 6001.74000 m 959.55100 6045.09000 l 972.44100 6038.06000 988.84000 6038.06000 1001.73000 6045.09000 c 980.64100 6001.74000 l f* 980.64100 6185.67000 m 980.64100 6161.07000 l S 980.64100 6129.44000 m 959.55100 6171.61000 l 972.44100 6164.58000 988.84000 6164.58000 1001.73000 6171.61000 c 980.64100 6129.44000 l f* 0.93359 0.91797 0.94922 scn 739.30900 5804.93000 480.31300 70.28910 re f 0.49805 0.49805 0.49805 SCN 739.30900 5804.93000 480.31300 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 84.24020 582.60200 Tm [ <10> 0.48774 <03> -0.28917 <10> 0.48774 <04> -23.47510 <05> 22.92400 <060708> -0.36364 <09> 0.28048 <04> -23.47130 <0d> 0.48899 <13> 0.48650 <0a> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0.93359 0.91797 0.94922 scn 739.30900 5678.41000 480.31300 70.28910 re f 739.30900 5678.41000 480.31300 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 84.24020 569.95000 Tm [ <10> 0.48774 <03> -0.28917 <10> 0.48774 <04> -23.47510 <05> 22.92400 <060708> -0.36364 <09> 0.28048 <04> -23.47130 <0d> 0.48899 <13> 0.48650 <0a> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN 979.46900 5804.93000 m 979.46900 5780.33000 l S 979.46900 5748.70000 m 958.37900 5790.88000 l 971.27000 5785.02000 987.67200 5785.02000 1000.55000 5790.88000 c 979.46900 5748.70000 l f* 979.46900 5931.45000 m 979.46900 5908.02000 l S 979.46900 5875.22000 m 958.37900 5918.57000 l 971.27000 5911.54000 987.67200 5911.54000 1000.55000 5918.57000 c 979.46900 5875.22000 l f* 980.64100 5678.41000 m 980.64100 5400.77000 l S 980.64100 5367.97000 m 958.37900 5411.31000 l 972.44100 5404.28000 987.67200 5404.28000 1001.73000 5411.31000 c 980.64100 5367.97000 l f* 1 1 1 scn 740.48000 5297.68000 480.30900 71.46090 re f 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 90.21480 531.87700 Tm [ <0e06060f> 0.28048 <09> 0.28173 <04> -23.43160 <0c> 0.34750 <0d> 0.48650 ] TJ ET Q 0.92188 0.94531 0.87500 scn 740.48000 5171.16000 480.30900 70.28910 re f 0.49805 0.49805 0.49805 SCN 740.48000 5171.16000 480.30900 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 84.35740 519.22500 Tm [ <10> 0.48774 <03> -0.28917 <10> 0.48774 <04> -23.47510 <05> 22.92400 <060708> -0.36364 <09> 0.28048 <04> -23.55080 <13> 0.48899 <11> 0.48650 <0d> 0.48899 ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN 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0.48650 ] TJ ET Q 0.91797 0.93750 0.96094 scn 2146.27000 2634.89000 480.30900 70.28910 re f 2146.27000 2634.89000 480.30900 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 224.93600 265.59700 Tm [ <10> 0.48650 <03> -0.28793 <10> 0.48650 <04> -23.31740 <05> 22.92530 <060708> -0.36736 <09> 0.27800 <04> -23.30750 <13> 0.48650 <11> 0.48650 <0d> 0.48154 ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN 2386.42000 2761.41000 m 2386.42000 2737.98000 l S 2386.42000 2705.18000 m 2407.51000 2748.52000 l 2394.63000 2741.49000 2378.22000 2741.49000 2365.34000 2748.52000 c 2386.42000 2705.18000 l f* 2386.42000 2889.10000 m 2386.42000 2864.50000 l S 2386.42000 2831.70000 m 2407.51000 2875.04000 l 2394.63000 2868.01000 2378.22000 2868.01000 2365.34000 2875.04000 c 2386.42000 2831.70000 l f* 0.91797 0.93750 0.96094 scn 2145.10000 2508.37000 480.30900 70.28910 re f 0.49805 0.49805 0.49805 SCN 2145.10000 2508.37000 480.30900 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 224.81900 252.94500 Tm [ <10> 0.48650 <03> -0.28793 <10> 0.48650 <04> -23.47630 <05> 22.92530 <060708> -0.36736 <09> 0.27800 <04> -23.54580 <13> 0.48650 <11> 0.48650 <0d> 0.48154 ] TJ ET Q 0.91797 0.93750 0.96094 scn 2145.10000 2381.85000 480.30900 70.28910 re f 2145.10000 2381.85000 480.30900 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 224.81900 240.29300 Tm [ <10> 0.48650 <03> -0.28793 <10> 0.48650 <04> -23.47630 <05> 22.92530 <060708> -0.36736 <09> 0.27800 <04> -23.54580 <13> 0.48650 <11> 0.48650 <0d> 0.48154 ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN 2385.25000 2508.37000 m 2385.25000 2483.76000 l S 2385.25000 2452.14000 m 2406.34000 2494.31000 l 2393.45000 2487.28000 2377.05000 2487.28000 2364.17000 2494.31000 c 2385.25000 2452.14000 l f* 2385.25000 2634.89000 m 2385.25000 2611.46000 l S 2385.25000 2578.66000 m 2406.34000 2620.83000 l 2393.45000 2614.97000 2377.05000 2614.97000 2364.17000 2620.83000 c 2385.25000 2578.66000 l f* 0.91797 0.93750 0.96094 scn 2146.27000 2254.15000 480.30900 70.29300 re f 0.49805 0.49805 0.49805 SCN 2146.27000 2254.15000 480.30900 70.29300 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 224.93600 227.52400 Tm [ <10> 0.48650 <03> -0.28793 <10> 0.48650 <04> -23.31740 <05> 22.92530 <060708> -0.36736 <09> 0.27800 <04> -23.30750 <13> 0.48650 <11> 0.48650 <0d> 0.48154 ] TJ ET Q 0.91797 0.93750 0.96094 scn 2146.27000 2127.63000 480.30900 70.28910 re f 2146.27000 2127.63000 480.30900 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 224.93600 214.87200 Tm [ <10> 0.48650 <03> -0.28793 <10> 0.48650 <04> -23.31740 <05> 22.92530 <060708> -0.36736 <09> 0.27800 <04> -23.30750 <13> 0.48650 <11> 0.48650 <0d> 0.48154 ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN 2386.42000 2254.15000 m 2386.42000 2230.72000 l S 2386.42000 2197.92000 m 2407.51000 2241.27000 l 2394.63000 2234.24000 2378.22000 2234.24000 2365.34000 2241.27000 c 2386.42000 2197.92000 l f* 2386.42000 2381.85000 m 2386.42000 2357.24000 l S 2386.42000 2324.44000 m 2407.51000 2367.79000 l 2394.63000 2360.76000 2378.22000 2360.76000 2365.34000 2367.79000 c 2386.42000 2324.44000 l f* 2388.77000 6312.19000 m 2388.77000 6287.59000 l S 2388.77000 6255.96000 m 2409.85000 6298.13000 l 2396.97000 6292.27000 2380.57000 6292.27000 2367.68000 6298.13000 c 2388.77000 6255.96000 l f* 2388.77000 2127.63000 m 2388.77000 2104.20000 l S 2388.77000 2071.40000 m 2409.85000 2114.75000 l 2396.97000 2107.72000 2380.57000 2107.72000 2367.68000 2114.75000 c 2388.77000 2071.40000 l f* q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 230.09100 202.22000 Tm [ <14> -0.43686 <08> -0.36240 <15> 23.48620 <04> -22.83590 <0e0606> 23.87340 <0f> 0.28297 ] TJ ET Q 2388.77000 2001.11000 m 2388.77000 1976.51000 l S 2388.77000 1944.88000 m 2409.85000 1987.05000 l 2396.97000 1981.20000 2380.57000 1981.20000 2367.68000 1987.05000 c 2388.77000 1944.88000 l f* 1 1 1 scn 2148.61000 1874.59000 480.30900 70.28910 re f 0.49805 0.49805 0.49805 SCN 2148.61000 1874.59000 480.31300 70.28910 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00148 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 231.49600 189.56800 Tm [ <16> -0.42693 <05> -0.28793 <04> 0.35743 <11> 0.48154 <17> 0.48650 <17> 0.48650 <17> 0.48650 ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN 2388.77000 6945.96000 m 2388.77000 6415.28000 l S 2388.77000 6382.48000 m 2367.68000 6425.82000 l 2380.57000 6418.79000 2396.97000 6418.79000 2409.85000 6425.82000 c 2388.77000 6382.48000 l f* q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.11907 Tc /R65 4.92020 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 232.43400 696.70500 Tm [ (\030) 0.28297 (\031) -23.92310 <14> -24.92590 <15> -1.01769 (\032) 0.48650 ] TJ -0.00078 Tc /R67 7.84900 Tf 0.99954 0 0 1 212.40100 708.18600 Tm [ <07> -0.18671 <08> -0.18983 <04> 15.65910 <09> 0.12136 <0a0b> -15.64040 <0c> -0.84644 <0d> 0.26140 <0e> 0.12136 <0d> 0.26140 <0c> -0.32364 <12> -14.71300 <10> 0.21472 <13> 0.46056 <14> 0.45745 <0a09> 0.12448 ] TJ ET Q 0.13745 0.12280 0.12598 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 50.11210 152.28400 Tm [ (Figure) -276.90800 (3\056) -278.01300 (Example) -277.01500 (netw) 10 (ork) -277.00400 (architectures) -277.99500 (for) -277.01600 (ImageNet\056) ] TJ /R12 8.96640 Tf 203.59800 0 Td (Left) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 15.93360 0 Td [ (\072) -364.98300 (the) ] TJ -219.53100 -10.95860 Td [ (V) 15.02050 (GG\05519) -356.00700 (model) -357.02000 (\13340\135) -356.00200 (\05019\0566) -356.01000 (billion) -356.98300 (FLOPs\051) -356.00600 (as) -355.98700 (a) -356.99400 (reference\056) ] TJ /R12 8.96640 Tf 217.32200 0 Td (Mid\055) Tj -217.32200 -10.95900 Td (dle) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 11.45900 0 Td [ (\072) -297.02000 (a) -222.98700 (plain) -223.05500 (netw) 10 (ork) -222.98300 (with) -223.05500 (34) -224.01300 (parameter) -223.05500 (layers) -223.05500 (\0503\0566) -223.05500 (billion) -223.05500 (FLOPs\051\056) ] TJ /R12 8.96640 Tf -11.45900 -10.95860 Td (Right) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 21.41990 0 Td [ (\072) -536.97900 (a) -364.00800 (residual) -363.01700 (netw) 10 (ork) -364.00400 (with) -362.97900 (34) -363.98900 (parameter) -362.98700 (layers) -363.98400 (\0503\0566) -363.98100 (billion) ] TJ -21.41990 -10.95860 Td [ (FLOPs\051\056) -296.90900 (The) -210.00900 (dotted) -209.98700 (shortcuts) -210.82000 (increase) -209.88700 (dimensions\056) ] TJ /R12 8.96640 Tf 184.70500 0 Td [ (T) 91.98020 (able) -210.02100 (1) ] TJ /R14 8.96640 Tf 29.35350 0 Td [ (sho) 25.00930 (ws) ] TJ -214.05900 -10.95780 Td [ (more) -249.91600 (details) -249.89700 (and) -249.99700 (other) -249.91600 (v) 25.00660 (ariants\056) ] TJ /R12 9.96260 Tf 258.74900 612.54600 Td [ (Residual) -276.02000 (Netw) 10.11350 (ork\056) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 83.15270 0 Td [ (Based) -275.90000 (on) -275.00300 (the) -275.98300 (abo) 14.98280 (v) 14.98280 (e) -275.99800 (plain) -274.99300 (netw) 10.00810 (ork\054) -281.98200 (we) ] TJ -83.15270 -11.95510 Td [ (insert) -411.01200 (shortcut) -410.88500 (connections) -409.89700 (\050Fig\056) -411.00500 (3\054) -451.01300 (right\051) -411.01000 (which) -411.01500 (turn) -411.01500 (the) ] TJ 11.95550 TL T* [ (netw) 10.00810 (ork) -320.01800 (into) -318.98100 (its) -319.88800 (counterpart) -318.99100 (residual) -320.00500 (v) 14.98280 (ersion\056) -518.01200 (The) -319.98100 (identity) ] TJ T* [ (shortcuts) -255.88400 (\050Eqn\056\0501\051\051) -255.00900 (can) -255.99900 (be) -255.99600 (directly) -256.01600 (used) -255.00600 (when) -255.98700 (the) -255.98700 (input) -256.00600 (and) ] TJ T* [ (output) -344.88900 (are) -345.01300 (of) -344.99900 (the) -344.01400 (same) -344.99100 (dimensions) -344.98700 (\050solid) -345.01100 (line) -344.98700 (shortcuts) -345.00600 (in) ] TJ T* [ (Fig\056) -195.89900 (3\051\056) -291.00500 (When) -196 (the) -196 (dimensions) -195.01200 (increase) -196.00700 (\050dotted) -195.00700 (line) -195.99200 (shortcuts) ] TJ T* [ (in) -318.99300 (Fig\056) -319.01500 (3\051\054) -336.01700 (we) -319.00800 (consider) -318.98800 (tw) 10.00810 (o) -319 (options\072) -447.99400 (\050A\051) -319.01000 (The) -319 (shortcut) -319.01500 (still) ] TJ T* [ (performs) -320.01000 (identity) -321.00500 (mapping\054) -337.90400 (with) -319.88300 (e) 15.01220 (xtra) -321 (zero) -319.99100 (entries) -320.99100 (padded) ] TJ T* [ (for) -287.91500 (increasing) -288.01100 (dimensions\056) -423.00800 (This) -286.98600 (option) -287.99600 (introduces) -286.98200 (no) -287.98100 (e) 15.01220 (xtra) ] TJ T* [ (parameter\073) -244.89300 (\050B\051) -243.01100 (The) -242.89600 (projection) -242.98900 (shortcut) -242.91000 (in) -243.98900 (Eqn\056\0502\051) -243.00400 (is) -243.00400 (used) -243.00800 (to) ] TJ T* [ (match) -362.00300 (dimensions) -361.88600 (\050done) -361.89300 (by) -360.98900 (1) ] TJ /R16 9.96260 Tf 121.78800 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 7.74766 0 Td [ (1) -362.01300 (con) 39.99820 (v) 20.00160 (olutions\051\056) -646 (F) 14.99260 (or) -361.00300 (both) ] TJ -129.53600 -11.95590 Td [ (options\054) -325.90100 (when) -310.01900 (the) -310.88200 (shortcuts) -311.01200 (go) -310.01700 (across) -311.00200 (feature) -309.99200 (maps) -310.98700 (of) -311.00700 (tw) 10.00810 (o) ] TJ 11.95630 TL T* [ (sizes\054) -249.98500 (the) 14.98520 (y) -249.99300 (are) -250.01000 (performed) -249.98800 (with) -250.01200 (a) -250.00200 (stride) -250.01700 (of) -249.99700 (2\056) ] TJ /R12 10.95890 Tf 19.12460 TL T* [ (3\0564\056) -250.00400 (Implementation) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 11.95510 -17.93280 Td [ (Our) -368.01200 (implementation) -368.89200 (for) -368.01700 (ImageNet) -368.00700 (follo) 25.11350 (ws) -368.00700 (the) -368.98700 (practice) ] TJ -11.95550 -11.95510 Td [ (in) -306.99500 (\13321\054) -307.11500 (40\135\056) -481.01300 (The) -307.00300 (image) -306.99300 (is) -306.99300 (resized) -307.00800 (with) -306.98300 (its) -306.98800 (shorter) -306.99300 (side) -306.99300 (ran\055) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (domly) -359.98400 (sampled) -359.99100 (in) ] TJ 0.00199 Tc /R39 9.96260 Tf 77.18750 0 Td (\133256) Tj 0 Tc /R53 9.96260 Tf 17.71130 0 Td (\054) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 4.42852 0 Td (480\135) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 21.30000 0 Td [ (for) -359.97900 (scale) -360.01800 (augmentation) -360.91500 (\13340\135\056) ] TJ -120.62700 -11.95510 Td [ (A) -249.01500 (224) ] TJ /R16 9.96260 Tf 24.62190 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 7.74766 0 Td [ (224) -249.00300 (crop) -249.99500 (is) -249.00500 (randomly) -250.00700 (sampled) -248.99300 (from) -249.00700 (an) -249.99700 (image) -249.00300 (or) -249.99700 (its) ] TJ -32.37030 -11.95630 Td [ (horizontal) -206.99500 (\224ip\054) -214.91500 (with) -207.00200 (the) -207.01700 (per) 20.10940 (\055pix) 14.91420 (el) -206.98000 (mean) -207.01400 (subtracted) -207.00500 (\13321\135\056) -295.98500 (The) ] TJ 11.95630 TL T* [ (standard) -205.00700 (color) -204.89700 (augmentation) -205.88200 (in) -205.01500 (\13321\135) -204.98000 (is) -205.01000 (used\056) -294.99500 (W) 79.98660 (e) -204.99000 (adopt) -205.98500 (batch) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (normalization) -388.91100 (\050BN\051) -388.90600 (\13316\135) -388.99100 (right) -389.01400 (after) -389.00400 (each) -389.00400 (con) 39.99820 (v) 20.00160 (olution) -388.99400 (and) ] TJ T* [ (before) -281.01700 (acti) 24.98110 (v) 24.98110 (ation\054) -288.00800 (follo) 24.99830 (wing) -280.99200 (\13316\135\056) -402.00600 (W) 79.98660 (e) -281.01700 (initialize) -281.01700 (the) -281.00200 (weights) ] TJ T* [ (as) -267.99200 (in) -267.00200 (\13312\135) -267.99200 (and) -267.00900 (train) -267.98200 (all) -267.00400 (plain\057residual) -267.99000 (nets) -267 (from) -267.98500 (scratch\056) -362.99300 (W) 79.98660 (e) ] TJ T* [ (use) -316.01800 (SGD) -316.98600 (with) -315.88600 (a) -317.01100 (mini\055batch) -317.00600 (size) -315.98200 (of) -317.00600 (256\056) -508.99300 (The) -315.98200 (learning) -316.98600 (rate) ] TJ 11.95630 TL T* [ (starts) -223.98200 (from) -223.99200 (0\0561) -223.91100 (and) -223.99700 (is) -223.99000 (di) 24.98850 (vided) -223.98200 (by) -223.99200 (10) -225.01100 (when) -223.99200 (the) -223.99200 (error) -224.01200 (plateaus\054) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (and) -231.99600 (the) -233.01300 (models) -231.89000 (are) -232.99300 (trained) -231.90700 (for) -232.98100 (up) -231.99100 (to) ] TJ /R39 9.96260 Tf 143.02700 0 Td (60) Tj /R16 9.96260 Tf 11.52890 0 Td (\327) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 9.31406 0 Td (10) Tj /R57 6.97380 Tf 9.96406 3.61836 Td (4) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 6.78516 -3.61602 Td [ (iterations\056) -303.91500 (W) 79.98660 (e) ] TJ 0.00100 Tc -180.61800 -11.95510 Td [ (use) -280.90200 (a) -280.91600 (weight) -280.89900 (decay) -280.90700 (of) -280.88900 (0\0560001) -280.89400 (and) -280.90400 (a) -280.91400 (momentum) -280.90400 (of) -280.88900 (0\0569\056) -403.90800 (W) 80.08960 (e) ] TJ 0 Tc T* [ (do) -249.98800 (not) -250.02000 (use) -249.99000 (dropout) -250.00700 (\13313\135\054) -249.99300 (follo) 24.99580 (wing) -250.01700 (the) -249.98800 (practice) -249.99700 (in) -249.98800 (\13316\135\056) ] TJ 11.95510 -11.95510 Td [ (In) -269.01100 (testing\054) -273.01600 (for) -269.01600 (comparison) -269.01900 (studies) -268.98000 (we) -269.01400 (adopt) -268.99400 (the) -269.00400 (standard) ] TJ -11.95510 -11.95630 Td [ (10\055crop) -342.01200 (testing) -341.90900 (\13321\135\056) -584.99600 (F) 14.99260 (or) -341.98700 (best) -342.00700 (results\054) -363.99300 (we) -341.98200 (adopt) -342.00200 (the) -342.01200 (fully\055) ] TJ 11.95590 TL T* [ (con) 40.11590 (v) 20.00160 (olutional) -364.99300 (form) -364.98800 (as) -364.99500 (in) -364.98600 (\13340\054) -364.98800 (12\135\054) -394.00300 (and) -364.99300 (a) 19.99180 (v) 14.98280 (erage) -365.00800 (the) -364.98800 (scores) ] TJ T* [ (at) -301.98600 (multiple) -301.98100 (scales) -301.98100 (\050images) -302.00800 (are) -301.99900 (resized) -301.98900 (such) -302.99800 (that) -302.01300 (the) -301.97900 (shorter) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (side) -249.90400 (is) -249.98500 (in) ] TJ /R16 9.96260 Tf 37.91680 0 Td (\173) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 4.98203 0 Td (224) Tj /R53 9.96260 Tf 14.94410 0 Td (\054) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 4.42734 0 Td (256) Tj /R53 9.96260 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(152\055layer) Tj ET Q 1259.74000 7110.79000 m 4692.47000 7110.79000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 134.41300 704.97700 Tm [ (con) 40.01090 (v1) ] TJ ET Q 1585.20000 7024.17000 m 1585.20000 7109.50000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 162.47400 704.97700 Tm (112) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 9.69609 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td (112) Tj ET Q 1908.47000 7024.17000 m 1908.47000 7109.50000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 308.29600 704.97700 Tm (7) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23320 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td [ (7\054) -250.01000 (64\054) -250.01400 (stride) -249.98400 (2) ] TJ ET Q 1259.74000 7022.88000 m 4692.47000 7022.88000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 131.63300 683.54200 Tm [ (con) 39.89000 (v2) ] TJ ET Q 1475.61000 6836.71000 m 1495 6836.71000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 149.50000 683.54200 Tm (x) Tj ET Q 1585.20000 6936.26000 m 1585.20000 7021.59000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 165.70600 683.54200 Tm (56) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 6.46406 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td (56) Tj ET Q 1908.47000 6936.26000 m 1908.47000 7021.59000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 300.21600 696.18600 Tm (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3) -250.00600 (max) -249.98000 (pool\054) -250.00200 (stride) -249.98400 (2) ] TJ ET Q 1909.76000 6934.97000 m 4692.47000 6934.97000 l S 1585.20000 6850.94000 m 1585.20000 6936.26000 l S 1908.47000 6850.94000 m 1908.47000 6936.26000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 194.53200 688.32600 Tm <02> Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 6.64297 -5.26172 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (64) ] TJ -8.25977 -7.88633 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (64) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 16.16020 13.14770 Td <03> Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.41094 -9.11484 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td (2) Tj ET Q 2425.66000 6850.94000 m 2425.66000 6936.26000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 246.25100 688.32600 Tm <02> Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 6.64297 -5.26172 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23320 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (64) ] TJ -8.26094 -7.88633 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23320 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (64) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 16.15860 13.14770 Td <03> Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.41172 -9.11484 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td (3) Tj ET Q 2942.87000 6850.94000 m 2942.87000 6936.26000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 297.97100 692.20400 Tm <04> Tj 11.63520 TL <05> ' /R14 6.46400 Tf 9.15664 6.43828 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (64) ] TJ -8.25977 -7.88633 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (64) ] TJ -9.87539 -7.88594 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23164 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (256) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 19.39220 20.96910 Td <06> Tj <07> ' /R16 6.46400 Tf 4.30898 -1.35820 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td (3) Tj ET Q 3510.34000 6850.94000 m 3510.34000 6936.26000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 356.33400 692.20400 Tm <04> Tj 11.63520 TL <05> ' /R14 6.46400 Tf 9.15820 6.43828 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (64) ] TJ -8.25898 -7.88633 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (64) ] TJ -9.87578 -7.88594 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (256) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 19.39220 20.96910 Td <06> Tj <07> ' /R16 6.46400 Tf 4.31016 -1.35820 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td (3) Tj ET Q 4110.13000 6850.94000 m 4110.13000 6936.26000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 416.31300 692.20400 Tm <04> Tj 11.63520 TL <05> ' /R14 6.46400 Tf 9.15820 6.43828 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (64) ] TJ -8.25977 -7.88633 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (64) ] TJ -9.87578 -7.88594 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (256) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 19.39300 20.96910 Td <06> Tj <07> ' /R16 6.46400 Tf 4.30859 -1.35820 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td (3) Tj ET Q 1585.20000 6765.61000 m 1585.20000 6850.94000 l S 1908.47000 6765.61000 m 1908.47000 6850.94000 l S 2425.66000 6765.61000 m 2425.66000 6850.94000 l S 2942.87000 6765.61000 m 2942.87000 6850.94000 l S 3510.34000 6765.61000 m 3510.34000 6850.94000 l S 4110.13000 6765.61000 m 4110.13000 6850.94000 l S 1585.20000 6680.28000 m 1585.20000 6765.61000 l S 1908.47000 6680.28000 m 1908.47000 6765.61000 l S 2425.66000 6680.28000 m 2425.66000 6765.61000 l S 2942.87000 6680.28000 m 2942.87000 6765.61000 l S 3510.34000 6680.28000 m 3510.34000 6765.61000 l S 4110.13000 6680.28000 m 4110.13000 6765.61000 l S 1259.74000 6678.99000 m 4692.47000 6678.99000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 131.63300 653.42000 Tm [ (con) 39.89000 (v3) ] TJ ET Q 1475.61000 6535.49000 m 1495 6535.49000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 149.50000 653.42000 Tm (x) Tj ET Q 1585.20000 6592.37000 m 1585.20000 6677.70000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 165.70600 653.42000 Tm (28) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 6.46406 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td (28) Tj ET Q 1908.47000 6592.37000 m 1908.47000 6677.70000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 192.91500 662.46900 Tm <02> Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 6.64375 -5.26133 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (128) ] TJ -8.25977 -7.88672 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (128) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 19.39220 13.14800 Td <03> Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.41133 -9.11445 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02734 0 Td (2) Tj ET Q 2425.66000 6592.37000 m 2425.66000 6677.70000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 244.63500 662.46900 Tm <02> Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 6.64336 -5.26133 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02734 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (128) ] TJ -8.25938 -7.88672 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02734 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (128) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 19.39260 13.14800 Td <03> Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.41094 -9.11445 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td (4) Tj ET Q 2942.87000 6592.37000 m 2942.87000 6677.70000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 297.97100 666.34800 Tm <04> Tj 11.63590 TL <05> ' /R14 6.46400 Tf 7.54102 6.43867 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23164 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (128) ] TJ -8.25938 -7.88672 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23164 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (128) ] TJ -8.25938 -7.88594 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23164 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (512) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 19.39220 20.96990 Td <06> Tj <07> ' /R16 6.46400 Tf 4.30898 -1.35664 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td (4) Tj ET Q 3510.34000 6592.37000 m 3510.34000 6677.70000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 356.33400 666.34800 Tm <04> Tj 11.63590 TL <05> ' /R14 6.46400 Tf 7.54219 6.43867 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23086 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (128) ] TJ -8.25977 -7.88672 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (128) ] TJ -8.25977 -7.88594 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (512) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 19.39180 20.96990 Td <06> Tj <07> ' /R16 6.46400 Tf 4.31016 -1.35664 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td (4) Tj ET Q 4110.13000 6592.37000 m 4110.13000 6677.70000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 416.31300 666.34800 Tm <04> Tj 11.63590 TL <05> ' /R14 6.46400 Tf 7.54219 6.43867 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (128) ] TJ -8.25898 -7.88672 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (128) ] TJ -8.25898 -7.88594 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (512) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 19.39260 20.96990 Td <06> Tj <07> ' /R16 6.46400 Tf 4.30898 -1.35664 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td (8) Tj ET Q 1585.20000 6507.04000 m 1585.20000 6592.37000 l S 1908.47000 6507.04000 m 1908.47000 6592.37000 l S 2425.66000 6507.04000 m 2425.66000 6592.37000 l S 2942.87000 6507.04000 m 2942.87000 6592.37000 l S 3510.34000 6507.04000 m 3510.34000 6592.37000 l S 4110.13000 6507.04000 m 4110.13000 6592.37000 l S 1585.20000 6421.72000 m 1585.20000 6507.04000 l S 1908.47000 6421.72000 m 1908.47000 6507.04000 l S 2425.66000 6421.72000 m 2425.66000 6507.04000 l S 2942.87000 6421.72000 m 2942.87000 6507.04000 l S 3510.34000 6421.72000 m 3510.34000 6507.04000 l S 4110.13000 6421.72000 m 4110.13000 6507.04000 l S 1259.74000 6420.42000 m 4692.47000 6420.42000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 131.63300 627.56300 Tm [ (con) 39.89000 (v4) ] TJ ET Q 1475.61000 6276.92000 m 1495 6276.92000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 149.50000 627.56300 Tm (x) Tj ET Q 1585.20000 6333.81000 m 1585.20000 6419.13000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 165.70600 627.56300 Tm (14) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 6.46406 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td (14) Tj ET Q 1908.47000 6333.81000 m 1908.47000 6419.13000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 192.91500 636.61300 Tm <02> Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 6.64375 -5.26172 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (256) ] TJ -8.25977 -7.88594 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (256) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 19.39220 13.14770 Td <03> Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.41133 -9.11484 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02734 0 Td (2) Tj ET Q 2425.66000 6333.81000 m 2425.66000 6419.13000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 244.63500 636.61300 Tm <02> Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 6.64336 -5.26172 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02734 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (256) ] TJ -8.25938 -7.88594 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02734 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (256) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 19.39260 13.14770 Td <03> Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.41094 -9.11484 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td (6) Tj ET Q 2942.87000 6333.81000 m 2942.87000 6419.13000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 296.35500 640.49100 Tm <04> Tj 11.63520 TL <05> ' /R14 6.46400 Tf 9.15703 6.43828 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23164 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (256) ] TJ -8.25938 -7.88633 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23164 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (256) ] TJ -9.87539 -7.88594 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23164 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (1024) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 22.62420 20.96840 Td <06> Tj <07> ' /R16 6.46400 Tf 4.31016 -1.35781 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td (6) Tj ET Q 3510.34000 6333.81000 m 3510.34000 6419.13000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 353.10200 640.49100 Tm <04> Tj 11.63520 TL <05> ' /R14 6.46400 Tf 9.15703 6.43828 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23320 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (256) ] TJ -8.26094 -7.88633 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23320 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (256) ] TJ -9.87578 -7.88594 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (1024) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 22.62420 20.96840 Td <06> Tj <07> ' /R16 6.46400 Tf 4.31016 -1.35781 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td (23) Tj ET Q 4110.13000 6333.81000 m 4110.13000 6419.13000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 413.08100 640.49100 Tm <04> Tj 11.63520 TL <05> ' /R14 6.46400 Tf 9.15820 6.43828 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (256) ] TJ -8.25977 -7.88633 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (256) ] TJ -9.87578 -7.88594 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (1024) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 22.62420 20.96840 Td <06> Tj <07> ' /R16 6.46400 Tf 4.30898 -1.35781 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02734 0 Td (36) Tj ET Q 1585.20000 6248.48000 m 1585.20000 6333.81000 l S 1908.47000 6248.48000 m 1908.47000 6333.81000 l S 2425.66000 6248.48000 m 2425.66000 6333.81000 l S 2942.87000 6248.48000 m 2942.87000 6333.81000 l S 3510.34000 6248.48000 m 3510.34000 6333.81000 l S 4110.13000 6248.48000 m 4110.13000 6333.81000 l S 1585.20000 6163.16000 m 1585.20000 6248.48000 l S 1908.47000 6163.16000 m 1908.47000 6248.48000 l S 2425.66000 6163.16000 m 2425.66000 6248.48000 l S 2942.87000 6163.16000 m 2942.87000 6248.48000 l S 3510.34000 6163.16000 m 3510.34000 6248.48000 l S 4110.13000 6163.16000 m 4110.13000 6248.48000 l S 1259.74000 6161.86000 m 4692.47000 6161.86000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 131.63300 601.70700 Tm [ (con) 39.89000 (v5) ] TJ ET Q 1475.61000 6018.36000 m 1495 6018.36000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 149.50000 601.70700 Tm (x) Tj ET Q 1585.20000 6075.24000 m 1585.20000 6160.57000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 168.93800 601.70700 Tm (7) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td (7) Tj ET Q 1908.47000 6075.24000 m 1908.47000 6160.57000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 192.91500 610.75700 Tm <02> Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 6.64375 -5.26172 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (512) ] TJ -8.25977 -7.88594 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (512) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 19.39220 13.14770 Td <03> Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.41133 -9.11484 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02734 0 Td (2) Tj ET Q 2425.66000 6075.24000 m 2425.66000 6160.57000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 244.63500 610.75700 Tm <02> Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 6.64336 -5.26172 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02734 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (512) ] TJ -8.25938 -7.88594 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02734 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (512) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 19.39260 13.14770 Td <03> Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.41094 -9.11484 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td (3) Tj ET Q 2942.87000 6075.24000 m 2942.87000 6160.57000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 296.35500 614.63500 Tm <04> Tj 11.63520 TL <05> ' /R14 6.46400 Tf 9.15703 6.43789 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23164 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (512) ] TJ -8.25938 -7.88594 Td (3) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23164 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (3\054) -250.01000 (512) ] TJ -9.87539 -7.88633 Td (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23164 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (2048) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 22.62420 20.96880 Td <06> Tj <07> ' /R16 6.46400 Tf 4.31016 -1.35820 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td (3) Tj ET Q 3510.34000 6075.24000 m 3510.34000 6160.57000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R76 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 354.71800 614.63500 Tm <04> Tj 11.63520 TL <05> ' 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3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td [ (1\054) -250.01000 (2048) ] TJ /R76 6.46400 Tf 22.62420 20.96880 Td <06> Tj <07> ' /R16 6.46400 Tf 4.30898 -1.35820 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02734 0 Td (3) Tj ET Q 1585.20000 5989.92000 m 1585.20000 6075.25000 l S 1908.47000 5989.92000 m 1908.47000 6075.25000 l S 2425.66000 5989.92000 m 2425.66000 6075.25000 l S 2942.87000 5989.92000 m 2942.87000 6075.25000 l S 3510.34000 5989.92000 m 3510.34000 6075.25000 l S 4110.13000 5989.92000 m 4110.13000 6075.25000 l S 1585.20000 5904.59000 m 1585.20000 5989.92000 l S 1908.47000 5904.59000 m 1908.47000 5989.92000 l S 2425.66000 5904.59000 m 2425.66000 5989.92000 l S 2942.87000 5904.59000 m 2942.87000 5989.92000 l S 3510.34000 5904.59000 m 3510.34000 5989.92000 l S 4110.13000 5904.59000 m 4110.13000 5989.92000 l S 1259.74000 5903.30000 m 4692.47000 5903.30000 l S 1585.20000 5816.68000 m 1585.20000 5902.01000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 168.93800 584.22800 Tm (1) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 3.23203 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td (1) Tj ET Q 1908.47000 5816.68000 m 1908.47000 5902.01000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 287.50100 584.22800 Tm [ (a) 20.01770 (v) 14.98310 (erage) -249.99900 (pool\054) -250.00200 (1000\055d) -250.00200 (fc\054) -250.02500 (softmax) ] TJ ET Q 1259.74000 5815.39000 m 4692.47000 5815.39000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 149.18700 575.43700 Tm (FLOPs) Tj ET Q 1908.47000 5728.77000 m 1908.47000 5814.10000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 205.47100 575.43700 Tm (1\0568) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 8.08008 0 Td (\327) Tj /R39 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td (10) Tj /R57 4.52480 Tf 6.46484 2.34492 Td (9) Tj ET Q 2425.66000 5728.77000 m 2425.66000 5814.10000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 257.19000 575.43700 Tm (3\0566) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 8.08086 0 Td (\327) Tj /R39 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td (10) Tj /R57 4.52480 Tf 6.46367 2.34492 Td (9) Tj ET Q 2942.87000 5728.77000 m 2942.87000 5814.10000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 311.42400 575.43700 Tm (3\0568) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 8.07969 0 Td (\327) Tj /R39 6.46400 Tf 5.02773 0 Td (10) Tj /R57 4.52480 Tf 6.46445 2.34492 Td (9) Tj ET Q 3510.34000 5728.77000 m 3510.34000 5814.10000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 369.78800 575.43700 Tm (7\0566) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 8.08008 0 Td (\327) Tj /R39 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td (10) Tj /R57 4.52480 Tf 6.46406 2.34492 Td (9) Tj ET Q 4110.13000 5728.77000 m 4110.13000 5814.10000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 6.46400 Tf 1 0 0 1 427.34300 575.43700 Tm (11\0563) Tj /R16 6.46400 Tf 11.31210 0 Td (\327) Tj /R39 6.46400 Tf 5.02695 0 Td (10) Tj /R57 4.52480 Tf 6.46484 2.34492 Td (9) Tj ET Q 1259.74000 5727.47000 m 4692.47000 5727.47000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 50.11210 560.52500 Tm [ (T) 79.98130 (able) -263.99100 (1\056) -263.98500 (Architectures) -264.00100 (for) -264.99300 (ImageNet\056) -352.00600 (Building) 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4555.35000 4426.14000 l 4571.07000 4416.71000 l 4586.78000 4419.85000 l 4605.65000 4416.71000 l 4654.38000 4416.71000 l 4670.10000 4415.13000 l 4688.96000 4421.42000 l 4704.68000 4416.71000 l 4720.40000 4416.71000 l 4737.69000 4415.13000 l 4754.99000 4416.71000 l 4772.28000 4415.13000 l 4788 4419.85000 l 4803.72000 4416.71000 l 4819.44000 4421.42000 l 4838.30000 4416.71000 l 4854.02000 4415.13000 l 4869.74000 4416.71000 l 4887.03000 4419.85000 l 4921.61000 4419.85000 l 4937.33000 4415.13000 l 4953.05000 4419.85000 l 4968.77000 4416.71000 l 5036.37000 4416.71000 l 5052.09000 4419.85000 l 5086.67000 4419.85000 l 5091.39000 4416.71000 l S Q q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.07594 Tc /R24 6.90380 Tf 0.99962 0 0 1 403.81700 404.72900 Tm 0.23680 Tw [ (i) 39.00620 (t) -6.50221 (er) -19.71890 (\056) -11.58230 ( \050) -19.68350 (1) -12.09880 (e4) -12.11290 (\051) ] TJ -0.08975 Tc 0 0.99962 -1 0 315.31600 465.56400 Tm 0.25061 Tw [ (er) -21.67870 (ro) -14.07280 (r) -21.70700 ( \050\045) -22.81790 (\051) ] TJ ET Q 1 1 1 scn 3277.34000 4201.35000 476.30100 207.50000 re f 1 1 1 SCN 3277.34000 4201.35000 m 3277.34000 4408.85000 l 3753.64000 4408.85000 l 3753.64000 4201.35000 l 3277.34000 4201.35000 l S 0 0 0 SCN 3277.34000 4408.85000 m 3753.64000 4408.85000 l S 0 0 0 scn 3755.22000 4405.70000 1.57031 1.57031 re f 3277.34000 4201.35000 m 3753.64000 4201.35000 l S 3755.22000 4198.20000 1.57031 1.57031 re f 3753.64000 4201.35000 m 3753.64000 4408.85000 l S 3755.22000 4405.70000 1.57031 1.57031 re f 3277.34000 4201.35000 m 3277.34000 4408.85000 l S 3278.91000 4405.70000 1.57031 1.57031 re f 3277.34000 4201.35000 m 3753.64000 4201.35000 l S 3755.22000 4198.20000 1.57031 1.57031 re f 3277.34000 4201.35000 m 3277.34000 4408.85000 l S 3278.91000 4405.70000 1.57031 1.57031 re f 3277.34000 4408.85000 m 3753.64000 4408.85000 l S 3755.22000 4405.70000 1.57031 1.57031 re f 3277.34000 4201.35000 m 3753.64000 4201.35000 l S 3755.22000 4198.20000 1.57031 1.57031 re f 3753.64000 4201.35000 m 3753.64000 4408.85000 l S 3755.22000 4405.70000 1.57031 1.57031 re f 3277.34000 4201.35000 m 3277.34000 4408.85000 l S 3278.91000 4405.70000 1.57031 1.57031 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.01369 Tc /R24 8.05450 Tf 0.99963 0 0 1 339.83800 432.71000 Tm [ (Re) 12.59890 (sNe) 12.58080 (t\0551) -9.28471 (8) ] TJ ET Q 13.78000 w 0 1 1 SCN 3296.20000 4355.40000 m 3388.95000 4355.40000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.01369 Tc /R24 8.05450 Tf 0.99963 0 0 1 339.83800 422.80700 Tm [ (Re) 12.59890 (sNe) 12.58080 (t\0553) -9.28471 (4) ] TJ ET Q 1 0 0 SCN 3296.20000 4256.36000 m 3388.95000 4256.36000 l S 0 1 1 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00550 Tc /R78 7.85980 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 253.06600 437.74100 Tm [ (1) 0.48790 (8) 0.49101 (\055) 0.33252 (l) -40.18820 (a) 0.33252 (y) -39.66300 (e) 0.33252 (r) 0.33252 ] TJ ET Q 1 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00550 Tc /R78 7.85980 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 253.06600 462.73500 Tm [ (3) 0.48790 (4) 0.49101 (\055) 0.33252 (l) -40.18820 (a) 0.33252 (y) -39.66300 (e) 0.33252 (r) 0.33252 ] TJ ET Q 0 1 1 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00629 Tc /R78 7.85980 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 475.65300 455.34700 Tm [ (1) 0.48479 (8) 0.48479 (\055) 20.03820 (l) -40.25660 (a) -19.75850 (y) -39.76560 (e) 0.22997 (r) 0.32941 ] TJ ET Q 1 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00629 Tc /R78 7.85980 Tf 0.99953 0 0 1 475.65300 422.96400 Tm [ (3) 0.48479 (4) 0.48479 (\055) 20.03820 (l) -40.25660 (a) -19.75850 (y) -39.76560 (e) 0.22997 (r) 0.32941 ] TJ ET Q /R28 gs 0.13745 0.12280 0.12598 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 50.11210 392.82900 Tm [ (Figure) -245.88900 (4\056) -244.99100 (T) 35.02180 (raining) -245.98700 (on) ] TJ /R12 8.96640 Tf 78.48090 0 Td (ImageNet) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 37.34410 0 Td [ (\056) -308.98800 (Thin) -245.00900 (curv) 14.99740 (es) -245.98400 (denote) -246 (training) -245.01700 (error) 40.01760 (\054) -246.99400 (and) -245.98900 (bold) -245.00400 (curv) 14.99740 (es) -245.98400 (denote) -246 (v) 25.00660 (alidation) -245.01200 (error) -245.98700 (of) -245.98700 (the) -245.98100 (center) -245.98700 (crops\056) -309.01500 (Left\072) -307.98600 (plain) ] TJ -115.82500 -10.95860 Td [ (netw) 10 (orks) -250.99100 (of) -250.99500 (18) -249.97800 (and) -251 (34) -250.98000 (layers\056) -311.98800 (Right\072) -312.02000 (ResNets) -249.99500 (of) -250.99400 (18) -250.98000 (and) -251 (34) -249.97800 (layers\056) -312.99000 (In) -250.99400 (this) -250 (plot\054) -250.98600 (the) -250.99100 (residual) -251.01000 (netw) 10 (orks) -249.98900 (ha) 20.01830 (v) 14.98650 (e) -250.99700 (no) -250.98000 (e) 15.01370 (xtra) -251.00200 (parameter) -250.02200 (compared) -251.00200 (to) ] TJ 10.95860 TL T* [ (their) -249.99300 (plain) -249.98000 (counterparts\056) ] TJ ET Q /R80 gs 3.98000 w 0 j 0.13745 0.12280 0.12598 SCN 934.98800 3488.45000 m 2429.76000 3488.45000 l S 1422.57000 3365.91000 m 1422.57000 3486.46000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 162.38200 340.20800 Tm (plain) Tj ET Q 2004.39000 3365.91000 m 2004.39000 3486.46000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 208.60900 340.20800 Tm (ResNet) Tj ET Q 934.98800 3363.92000 m 2429.76000 3363.92000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 101.46900 327.75400 Tm [ (18) -249.97800 (layers) ] TJ ET Q 1422.57000 3241.38000 m 1422.57000 3361.93000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 161.26100 327.75400 Tm (27\05694) Tj ET Q 2004.39000 3241.38000 m 2004.39000 3361.93000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 211.72000 327.75400 Tm (27\05688) Tj -110.25100 -12.05350 Td [ (34) -249.97800 (layers) ] TJ ET Q 1422.57000 3120.83000 m 1422.57000 3241.38000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 161.26100 315.70000 Tm (28\05654) Tj ET Q 2004.39000 3120.83000 m 2004.39000 3241.38000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R12 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 211.72000 315.70000 Tm (25\05603) Tj ET Q 934.98800 3118.84000 m 2429.76000 3118.84000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 50.11210 299.59200 Tm [ (T) 79.98130 (able) -265.99500 (2\056) -266.99100 (T) 79.98130 (op\0551) -265.98200 (error) -265.98500 (\050\045\054) -269.98200 (10\055crop) -267.01700 (testing\051) -266.01300 (on) -266.01000 (ImageNet) -265.98600 (v) 25.00660 (alidation\056) ] TJ 10.95900 TL T* [ (Here) -245.90100 (the) -245.98100 (ResNets) -245.90000 (ha) 20.02100 (v) 14.98650 (e) -246.99100 (no) -246.01400 (e) 15.01100 (xtra) -245.99500 (parameter) -246.01300 (compared) -245.98900 (to) -246.00600 (their) -245.98700 (plain) ] TJ T* [ (counterparts\056) -309.79200 (Fig\056) -249.88600 (4) -249.97800 (sho) 25.01060 (ws) -249.98400 (the) -249.98800 (training) -249.98500 (procedures\056) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 38.11450 TL T* [ (34\055layer) -313.90200 (plain) -312.98700 (net) -314.01900 (has) -313.90100 (higher) ] TJ /R18 9.96260 Tf 119.65600 0 Td [ (tr) 14.99140 (aining) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 35.08630 0 Td [ (error) -313.91800 (throughout) -312.88200 (the) ] TJ -154.74200 -11.95510 Td [ (whole) -370 (training) -369.90900 (procedure\054) -398.99000 (e) 25.01050 (v) 14.98280 (en) -370.01500 (though) -369.98500 (the) -370.00900 (solution) -370.00900 (space) ] TJ 11.95550 TL T* [ (of) -358.99700 (the) -358.99100 (18\055layer) -358.99200 (plain) -359.99900 (netw) 10.00940 (ork) -358.99200 (is) -358.98500 (a) -359.00400 (subspace) -358.98400 (of) -358.99600 (that) -360.00400 (of) -358.99600 (the) ] TJ T* [ (34\055layer) -249.91200 (one\056) ] TJ 11.95510 -15.09730 Td [ (W) 79.98730 (e) -345.00600 (ar) 17.98960 (gue) -344.99600 (that) -344.98700 (this) -343.99500 (optimization) -344.98200 (dif) 24.98600 (\223culty) -345.00600 (is) ] TJ /R18 9.96260 Tf 181.66700 0 Td [ (unlik) 10.01790 (ely) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 34.87730 0 Td (to) Tj -228.49900 -11.95630 Td [ (be) -241.99800 (caused) -243.01500 (by) -241.98900 (v) 24.98110 (anishing) -242.00300 (gradients\056) -308.00100 (These) -241.99100 (plain) -242.01800 (netw) 10.00810 (orks) -243.00600 (are) ] TJ -0.00100 Tc 11.95630 TL T* [ (trained) -397.09200 (with) -398.11600 (BN) -397.09800 (\13316\135\054) 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(e) -327.98900 (compet\055) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (iti) 24.99770 (v) 14.98280 (e) -367.00200 (accurac) 14.99690 (y) -366.01200 (\050T) 79.99030 (able) -366.99400 (3\051\054) -394.98900 (suggesting) -366.98900 (that) -366.98300 (the) -366.01000 (solv) 15 (er) -367.00500 (w) 10 (orks) ] TJ T* [ (to) -263.98300 (some) -264.01500 (e) 15.01280 (xtent\056) -353.01700 (W) 79.98790 (e) -264 (conjecture) -263.98700 (that) -264.02000 (the) -263.98800 (deep) -263.99300 (plain) -264.99500 (nets) -263.98000 (may) ] TJ T* [ (ha) 19.99730 (v) 14.98280 (e) -206.00900 (e) 15.01280 (xponentially) -205.99400 (lo) 24.98850 (w) -206.00200 (con) 40 (v) 14.98280 (er) 17.99330 (gence) -206.00700 (rates\054) -215.01800 (which) -205.99000 (impact) -205.98300 (the) ] TJ 258.75000 258.08200 Td [ (reducing) -348.90700 (of) -350.01800 (the) -348.99300 (training) -349.01000 (error) ] TJ /R14 6.97380 Tf 119.60400 3.61758 Td (3) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 3.98516 -3.61484 Td [ (\056) -608.01100 (The) -348.99600 (reason) 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0 1 194.99700 528.29600 Tm [ (top\0551) -249.92400 (err) 54.98150 (\056) -2000.01000 (top\0555) -250.02200 (err) 54.98150 (\056) ] TJ ET Q 591.30100 5244.80000 m 2773.45000 5244.80000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 67.10000 515.84200 Tm [ (V) 15.02050 (GG) -249.98800 (\13340\135) -250.00700 (\050ILSVRC\22014\051) ] TJ ET Q 1868.28000 5122.26000 m 1868.28000 5242.81000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 208.11400 515.84200 Tm [ (\055) -3776 (8\05643) ] TJ /R89 5.97760 Tf 52.53200 3.80898 Td (\201) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf -193.54600 -15.86330 Td [ (GoogLeNet) -249.90200 (\13343\135) -250.00700 (\050ILSVRC\22014\051) ] TJ ET Q 1868.28000 5001.71000 m 1868.28000 5122.26000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 208.11400 503.78800 Tm [ (\055) -3995.01000 (7\05689) ] TJ ET Q 591.30100 4999.72000 m 2773.45000 4999.72000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 67.10000 491.33400 Tm [ (V) 15.02050 (GG) -249.98800 (\13340\135) ] TJ /R14 7.97010 Tf 38.70780 0 Td (\050v5\051) Tj ET Q 1868.28000 4877.18000 m 1868.28000 4997.73000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 201.76100 491.33400 Tm [ (24\0564) -3535.88000 (7\0561) ] TJ -134.66100 -12.05510 Td [ (PReLU\055net) -249.78600 (\13312\135) ] TJ ET Q 1868.28000 4756.63000 m 1868.28000 4877.18000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 199.51900 479.27900 Tm [ (21\05659) -3035.88000 (5\05671) ] TJ -132.42000 -12.05510 Td [ (BN\055inception) -249.91300 (\13316\135) ] TJ ET Q 1868.28000 4636.08000 m 1868.28000 4756.63000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 199.51900 467.22500 Tm [ (21\05699) -3035.88000 (5\05681) ] TJ ET Q 591.30100 4634.09000 m 2773.45000 4634.09000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 67.10000 454.77100 Tm [ (ResNet\05534) -249.88300 (B) ] TJ ET Q 1868.28000 4511.55000 m 1868.28000 4632.10000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 199.51900 454.77100 Tm [ (21\05684) -3035.88000 (5\05671) ] TJ -132.42000 -12.05550 Td [ (ResNet\05534) -249.88300 (C) ] TJ ET Q 1868.28000 4391 m 1868.28000 4511.55000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 199.51900 442.71600 Tm [ (21\05653) -3035.88000 (5\05660) ] TJ -132.42000 -12.05550 Td (ResNet\05550) Tj ET Q 1868.28000 4270.45000 m 1868.28000 4391 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 199.51900 430.66100 Tm [ (20\05674) -3035.88000 (5\05625) ] TJ -132.42000 -12.05350 Td (ResNet\055101) Tj ET Q 1868.28000 4149.90000 m 1868.28000 4270.45000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 199.51900 418.60700 Tm [ (19\05687) -3035.88000 (4\05660) ] TJ -132.42000 -12.05550 Td (ResNet\055152) Tj ET Q 1868.28000 4029.35000 m 1868.28000 4149.90000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R12 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 199.51900 406.55200 Tm [ (19\05638) -3035.88000 (4\05649) ] TJ ET Q 591.30100 4027.36000 m 2773.45000 4027.36000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 50.11210 389.88300 Tm [ (T) 79.98130 (able) -291.00200 (4\056) -289.99400 (Error) -291.02100 (rates) -291.01200 (\050\045\051) -290.01400 (of) ] TJ /R12 8.96640 Tf 98.81760 0 Td (single\055model) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 50.92460 0 Td [ (results) -290.97900 (on) -290.01500 (the) -290.98400 (ImageNet) ] TJ -149.74300 -10.95900 Td [ (v) 25.00660 (alidation) -249.98100 (set) -249.98400 (\050e) 14.99740 (xcept) ] TJ /R89 5.97760 Tf 78.58120 3.80898 Td (\201) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 6.17188 -3.80898 Td [ (reported) -249.99200 (on) -249.97800 (the) -249.98800 (test) -250.01800 (set\051\056) ] TJ ET Q 608.17200 3658.25000 m 2756.57000 3658.25000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 7.97010 Tf 1 0 0 1 72.77190 357.18700 Tm (method) Tj ET Q 1964.85000 3535.71000 m 1964.85000 3656.26000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 208.64000 357.18700 Tm [ (top\0555) -249.98400 (err) 55.10750 (\056) -309.99000 (\050) ] TJ /R12 8.96640 Tf 38.63630 0 Td (test) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 13.43980 0 Td (\051) Tj ET Q 608.17200 3533.72000 m 2756.57000 3533.72000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 72.77190 344.73400 Tm [ (V) 15.02050 (GG) -249.98800 (\13340\135) -250.00700 (\050ILSVRC\22014\051) ] TJ ET Q 1964.85000 3411.18000 m 1964.85000 3531.73000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 228.32500 344.73400 Tm (7\05632) Tj -155.55300 -12.05550 Td [ (GoogLeNet) -249.90200 (\13343\135) -250.00700 (\050ILSVRC\22014\051) ] TJ ET Q 1964.85000 3290.63000 m 1964.85000 3411.18000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 228.32500 332.67900 Tm (6\05666) Tj ET Q 608.17200 3288.64000 m 2756.57000 3288.64000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 72.77190 320.22600 Tm [ (V) 15.02050 (GG) -249.98800 (\13340\135) ] TJ /R14 7.97010 Tf 38.70820 0 Td (\050v5\051) Tj ET Q 1964.85000 3166.09000 m 1964.85000 3286.64000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 230.56700 320.22600 Tm (6\0568) Tj -157.79500 -12.05550 Td [ (PReLU\055net) -249.78600 (\13312\135) ] TJ ET Q 1964.85000 3045.55000 m 1964.85000 3166.10000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 228.32500 308.17100 Tm (4\05694) Tj -155.55300 -12.05550 Td [ (BN\055inception) -249.91300 (\13316\135) ] TJ ET Q 1964.85000 2925 m 1964.85000 3045.55000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 228.32500 296.11600 Tm (4\05682) Tj ET Q 608.17200 2923.01000 m 2756.57000 2923.01000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R12 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 72.77190 283.66300 Tm [ (ResNet) -249.91400 (\050ILSVRC\22015\051) ] TJ ET Q 1964.85000 2800.46000 m 1964.85000 2921.01000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R12 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 228.32500 283.66300 Tm (3\05657) Tj ET Q 608.17200 2798.47000 m 2756.57000 2798.47000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 50.11210 267.05700 Tm [ (T) 79.98130 (able) -316.00900 (5\056) -317.00400 (Error) -315.98400 (rates) -317.02000 (\050\045\051) -315.97900 (of) ] TJ /R12 8.96640 Tf 100.20600 0 Td (ensembles) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 38.85120 0 Td [ (\056) -508.99700 (The) -317.00700 (top\0555) -315.98500 (error) -317.00100 (is) -316.01000 (on) -316.98200 (the) ] TJ -139.05700 -10.95860 Td [ (test) -250.01900 (set) -249.98400 (of) -249.99300 (ImageNet) -249.99700 (and) -249.99700 (reported) -249.99200 (by) -249.97800 (the) -249.98800 (test) -250.01900 (serv) 15 (er) 54.99050 (\056) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 34.72150 TL T* [ (ResNet) -248.99600 (reduces) -249.91900 (the) -249.01000 (top\0551) -248.99900 (error) -248.98700 (by) -249.98800 (3\0565\045) -249.00300 (\050T) 79.98660 (able) -248.89700 (2\051\054) -249.99300 (resulting) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (from) -227.99100 (the) -227.99300 (successfully) -227.89100 (reduced) -227.88500 (training) -227.89300 (error) -228.01100 (\050Fig\056) -228.01300 (4) -227.91800 (right) ] TJ /R18 9.96260 Tf 225.46100 0 Td (vs) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 8.29766 0 Td (\056) Tj -233.75900 -11.95630 Td [ (left\051\056) -390.00700 (This) -276.01000 (comparison) -276.90100 (v) 14.98280 (eri\223es) -276.01600 (the) -277.00500 (ef) 25.00810 (fecti) 25.01790 (v) 14.98280 (eness) -275.98600 (of) -277.01000 (residual) ] TJ 11.95590 TL T* [ (learning) -249.90200 (on) -249.98800 (e) 15.01280 (xtremely) -250.01200 (deep) -249.99600 (systems\056) ] TJ 11.95510 -13.40080 Td [ (Last\054) -391.01700 (we) -364.01900 (also) -362.98500 (note) -362.98600 (that) -362.98400 (the) -362.99100 (18\055layer) -364.01000 (plain\057residual) -362.99100 (nets) ] TJ -11.95510 -11.95510 Td [ (are) -258.98800 (comparably) -257.89400 (accurate) -258.98900 (\050T) 79.98790 (able) -259.01200 (2\051\054) -261.01200 (b) 20.00160 (ut) -257.98900 (the) -259.00800 (18\055layer) -259.00800 (ResNet) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (con) 39.99880 (v) 14.98280 (er) 17.99390 (ges) -263.98800 (f) 9.99527 (aster) -265.01300 (\050Fig\056) -264.00900 (4) -263.99000 (right) ] TJ /R18 9.96260 Tf 117.75200 0 Td (vs) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 8.29883 0 Td [ (\056) -263.99300 (left\051\056) -352.99400 (When) -263.98800 (the) -265.00700 (net) -263.98800 (is) -263.98300 (\215not) ] TJ -126.05100 -11.95630 Td [ (o) 14.98280 (v) 14.98280 (erly) -217.01800 (deep\216) -218.00600 (\05018) -217.01500 (layers) -217.99700 (here\051\054) -224.00900 (the) -217.01500 (current) -216.98100 (SGD) -217.98300 (solv) 15 (er) -216.99100 (is) -217.99100 (still) ] TJ 11.95630 TL T* [ (able) -257.01200 (to) -257.00400 (\223nd) -256.99100 (good) -256.99600 (solutions) -257.00100 (to) -257.00400 (the) -255.98900 (plain) -256.99600 (net\056) -330.99400 (In) -257.01300 (this) -256.99100 (case\054) -258.98100 (the) ] TJ T* [ (ResNet) -330.98300 (eases) -331.00500 (the) -330.91800 (optimization) -330.98400 (by) -330.99400 (pro) 14.98520 (viding) -331.98900 (f) 9.99588 (aster) -331.00100 (con) 39.99820 (v) 14.98280 (er) 19.99420 (\055) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (gence) -250 (at) -249.99400 (the) -249.99000 (early) -249.99700 (stage\056) ] TJ /R12 9.96260 Tf 19.37930 TL (Identity) ' /R91 9.96260 Tf 37.80230 0 Td (vs) Tj /R12 9.96260 Tf 8.29883 0 Td [ (\056) -404.98900 (Pr) 17.99210 (ojection) -405.99500 (Shortcuts\056) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 105.83200 0 Td [ (W) 79.98660 (e) -404.99600 (ha) 19.99670 (v) 14.98280 (e) -406.01600 (sho) 24.99340 (wn) -404.98400 (that) ] TJ ET Q 1 1 1 scn 4163.12000 6490.18000 1182.81000 709.83200 re f 4553.35000 6838.18000 479.03900 70.62110 re f /R23 gs 4.55000 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 SCN 4553.35000 6838.18000 479.03900 70.62110 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00181 Tc /R93 6.04260 Tf 0.99954 0 0 1 470.33200 685.56500 Tm [ <02> 0.34763 <03> 0.08893 <02> -11.68190 <04> 11.52830 <0506> 0.34763 <07> 0.35571 ] TJ ET Q 1 1 1 scn 4553.35000 6981.60000 479.03900 70.61720 re f 4553.35000 6981.60000 479.03900 70.61720 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00181 Tc /R93 6.04260 Tf 0.99954 0 0 1 470.33200 699.90700 Tm [ <08> 0.34763 <03> 0.08893 <08> -11.68190 <04> 11.52830 <0506> 0.34763 <07> 0.35571 ] TJ ET Q 4792.87000 6981.60000 m 4792.87000 6930.64000 l S 4792.87000 6910.98000 m 4779.76000 6937.19000 l 4787.77000 6932.82000 4797.96000 6932.82000 4805.97000 6937.19000 c 4792.87000 6910.98000 l f* 4792.87000 7162.88000 m 4792.87000 7072.60000 l S 4792.87000 7052.22000 m 4779.76000 7079.16000 l 4787.77000 7074.79000 4797.96000 7074.79000 4805.97000 7079.16000 c 4792.87000 7052.22000 l f* 4792.87000 6719.51000 m 4792.87000 6667.09000 l S 4792.87000 6646.71000 m 4779.76000 6673.64000 l 4787.77000 6669.27000 4797.96000 6669.27000 4805.97000 6673.64000 c 4792.87000 6646.71000 l f* 1 1 1 scn 4829.27000 6610.30000 m 4829.27000 6629.96000 4813.25000 6646.71000 4792.87000 6646.71000 c 4772.48000 6646.71000 4755.74000 6629.96000 4755.74000 6610.30000 c 4755.74000 6589.92000 4772.48000 6573.18000 4792.87000 6573.18000 c 4813.25000 6573.18000 4829.27000 6589.92000 4829.27000 6610.30000 c f* 4829.27000 6610.30000 m 4829.27000 6629.96000 4813.25000 6646.71000 4792.87000 6646.71000 c 4772.48000 6646.71000 4755.74000 6629.96000 4755.74000 6610.30000 c 4755.74000 6589.92000 4772.48000 6573.18000 4792.87000 6573.18000 c 4813.25000 6573.18000 4829.27000 6589.92000 4829.27000 6610.30000 c h S 4774.67000 6610.30000 m 4811.07000 6610.30000 l S 4792.87000 6591.38000 m 4792.87000 6628.51000 l S 4792.87000 6573.18000 m 4792.87000 6519.30000 l S 0 0 0 scn 4792.87000 6499.64000 m 4779.76000 6525.85000 l 4787.77000 6521.49000 4797.96000 6521.49000 4805.97000 6525.85000 c 4792.87000 6499.64000 l f* 4829.27000 7125.75000 m 5285.01000 7125.75000 5359.27000 6990.34000 5332.34000 6801.05000 c 5320.69000 6712.96000 5286.47000 6613.22000 4849.65000 6610.30000 c S 4829.27000 6610.30000 m 4856.20000 6596.47000 l 4851.84000 6605.21000 4851.84000 6614.67000 4856.20000 6623.41000 c 4829.27000 6610.30000 l f* 4792.87000 7125.75000 m 4829.27000 7125.75000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.00218 Tc /R95 5.46020 Tf 0.99954 0 0 1 482.41700 693.79200 Tm [ <02> -0.32208 <03> -0.34892 <04> -13.92990 <05> ] TJ ET Q 1 1 1 scn 4553.35000 6694.76000 479.03900 70.60940 re f 4553.35000 6694.76000 479.03900 70.60940 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00121 Tc /R93 6.04260 Tf 0.99954 0 0 1 468.80300 671.22300 Tm [ <08> 0.34763 <0308> 0.34763 <040509> 0.34763 <0a> -11.53640 <06> 0.34763 ] TJ ET Q 4792.87000 6837.45000 m 4792.87000 6785.76000 l S 4792.87000 6765.37000 m 4779.76000 6792.31000 l 4787.77000 6787.94000 4797.96000 6787.94000 4805.97000 6792.31000 c 4792.87000 6765.37000 l f* q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.00218 Tc /R95 5.46020 Tf 0.99954 0 0 1 482.41700 679.37700 Tm [ <02> -0.32208 <03> -0.34892 <04> -13.92990 <05> ] TJ 26.57300 TL T* [ <02> -0.32208 <03> -0.34892 <04> -13.92990 <05> ] TJ ET Q 1 1 1 scn 3338.03000 6490.18000 879.68800 709.83200 re f 3352.10000 6941.56000 479.03900 110.66000 re f 3352.10000 6941.56000 479.03900 110.66000 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00181 Tc /R93 6.04260 Tf 0.99954 0 0 1 350.20700 697.94100 Tm [ <02> 0.34763 <0302> -11.55660 <04> 11.52830 <0506> 0.34763 <07> 0.34359 ] TJ ET Q 1 1 1 scn 3352.10000 6720.24000 479.03900 110.66000 re f 3352.10000 6720.24000 479.03900 110.66000 re S 0 0 0 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00181 Tc /R93 6.04260 Tf 0.99954 0 0 1 350.20700 675.80900 Tm [ <02> 0.34763 <0302> -11.55660 <04> 11.52830 <0506> 0.34763 <07> 0.34359 ] TJ ET Q 3591.62000 6941.56000 m 3591.62000 6851.28000 l S 3591.62000 6830.90000 m 3578.52000 6857.83000 l 3586.52000 6853.47000 3596.72000 6853.47000 3604.72000 6857.83000 c 3591.62000 6830.90000 l f* 3591.62000 7162.88000 m 3591.62000 7072.60000 l S 3591.62000 7052.22000 m 3578.52000 7079.16000 l 3586.52000 7074.79000 3596.72000 7074.79000 3604.72000 7079.16000 c 3591.62000 7052.22000 l f* 3591.62000 6720.24000 m 3591.62000 6667.09000 l S 3591.62000 6646.71000 m 3578.52000 6673.64000 l 3586.52000 6669.27000 3596.72000 6669.27000 3604.72000 6673.64000 c 3591.62000 6646.71000 l f* 1 1 1 scn 3628.02000 6610.30000 m 3628.02000 6629.96000 3612.01000 6646.71000 3591.62000 6646.71000 c 3571.24000 6646.71000 3554.49000 6629.96000 3554.49000 6610.30000 c 3554.49000 6589.92000 3571.24000 6573.18000 3591.62000 6573.18000 c 3612.01000 6573.18000 3628.02000 6589.92000 3628.02000 6610.30000 c f* 3628.02000 6610.30000 m 3628.02000 6629.96000 3612.01000 6646.71000 3591.62000 6646.71000 c 3571.24000 6646.71000 3554.49000 6629.96000 3554.49000 6610.30000 c 3554.49000 6589.92000 3571.24000 6573.18000 3591.62000 6573.18000 c 3612.01000 6573.18000 3628.02000 6589.92000 3628.02000 6610.30000 c h S 3573.42000 6610.30000 m 3609.82000 6610.30000 l S 3591.62000 6591.38000 m 3591.62000 6628.51000 l S 3591.62000 6573.18000 m 3591.62000 6519.30000 l S 0 0 0 scn 3591.62000 6499.64000 m 3578.52000 6525.85000 l 3586.52000 6521.49000 3596.72000 6521.49000 3604.72000 6525.85000 c 3591.62000 6499.64000 l f* 3628.02000 7125.75000 m 4083.77000 7125.75000 4158.03000 6990.34000 4131.09000 6801.05000 c 4119.44000 6712.96000 4085.22000 6613.22000 3648.41000 6610.30000 c S 3628.02000 6610.30000 m 3654.96000 6596.47000 l 3650.59000 6605.21000 3650.59000 6614.67000 3654.96000 6623.41000 c 3628.02000 6610.30000 l f* 3591.62000 7125.75000 m 3628.02000 7125.75000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.00218 Tc /R95 5.46020 Tf 0.99954 0 0 1 362.29300 652.80400 Tm [ <02> -0.31761 <03> -0.34892 <04> -13.92550 <05> ] TJ 0 36.91090 Td [ <02> -0.31761 <03> -0.34892 <04> -13.92550 <05> ] TJ 2.84036 25.91800 Td [ <06> -0.16551 <07> -0.16551 <08> -0.35787 <09> ] TJ 118.80500 0 Td [ <0a> -0.16104 <0b> -0.16104 <06> -0.16104 <08> -0.35787 <09> ] TJ ET Q /R28 gs 0.13745 0.12280 0.12598 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 308.86200 628.09600 Tm [ (Figure) -395.88400 (5\056) -395.98800 (A) -396.02100 (deeper) -395.99300 (residual) -395.99300 (function) ] TJ /R97 8.96640 Tf 140.08200 0 Td (F) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 11.04840 0 Td [ (for) -395.90600 (ImageNet\056) -747.88800 (Left\072) -602.00900 (a) ] TJ -151.13000 -10.95900 Td [ (b) 19.99650 (uilding) -302.01500 (block) -302.00600 (\050on) -302.00900 (56) ] TJ /R97 8.96640 Tf 78.68010 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 7.16758 0 Td [ (56) -301.99600 (feature) -301.98500 (maps\051) -302.01700 (as) -302.01200 (in) -301.98500 (Fig\056) -301.99000 (3) -301.99600 (for) -301.89200 (ResNet\055) ] TJ -85.84770 -10.95860 Td [ (34\056) -309.99000 (Right\072) -309.88400 (a) -249.99700 (\215bottleneck\216) -250.00300 (b) 19.99650 (uilding) -249.99500 (block) -249.98900 (for) -250.00600 (ResNet\05550\057101\057152\056) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 27.27030 TL T* [ (parameter) 20.11430 (\055free\054) -337.88200 (identity) -321.00500 (shortcuts) -319.91200 (help) -320.99100 (with) -319.88300 (training\056) -522.00100 (Ne) 15.01710 (xt) ] TJ -0.00100 Tc 11.95550 TL T* [ (we) -238.08300 (in) 39.88300 (v) 14.88230 (estigate) -237.09300 (projection) -238.10700 (shortcuts) -238.08300 (\050Eqn\056\0502\051\051\056) -306.11600 (In) -237.09800 (T) 79.88860 (able) -238.08300 (3) -238.09300 (w) -0.09802 (e) ] TJ 0 Tc T* [ (compare) -235.91700 (three) -236 (options\072) -302.88300 (\050A\051) -236.00500 (zero\055padding) -235.90200 (shortcuts) -236.90700 (are) -235.89200 (used) ] TJ T* [ (for) -290.89500 (increasing) -290.01000 (dimensions\054) -300.91100 (and) 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TJ ET Q 1471.23000 1224.47000 m 1471.23000 1345.02000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 163.35900 126.06300 Tm (16) Tj ET Q 1885.62000 1224.47000 m 1885.62000 1345.02000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 204.79800 126.06300 Tm (32) Tj ET Q 2300.01000 1224.47000 m 2300.01000 1345.02000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 241.75400 126.06300 Tm (64) Tj ET Q 742 1222.47000 m 2622.74000 1222.47000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.96260 Tf 1 0 0 1 50.11210 104.91000 Tm [ (When) -428 (shortcut) -427.90000 (connections) -428.01400 (are) -428.01900 (used\054) -472.88700 (the) 14.98520 (y) -428.00200 (are) -428.01900 (connected) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (to) -362.98600 (the) -364.01000 (pairs) -362.98800 (of) -364.01600 (3) ] TJ /R16 9.96260 Tf 67.05430 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 7.74883 0 Td [ (3) -362.99300 (layers) -364.01200 (\050totally) ] TJ /R39 9.96260 Tf 68.41410 0 Td (3) Tj /R53 9.96260 Tf 4.98242 0 Td (n) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 9.60000 0 Td [ (shortcuts\051\056) -649.89600 (On) -364.01000 (this) ] TJ -157.79900 -11.95550 Td [ (dataset) -221.01000 (we) -220.98400 (use) -221.01500 (identity) -220.98300 (shortcuts) -220.98800 (in) -221.99000 (all) -221.01200 (cases) -220.98300 (\050) ] TJ /R18 9.96260 Tf 178.65600 0 Td (i\056e) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 9.68398 0 Td [ (\056\054) -227.01600 (option) -220.98800 (A\051\054) ] TJ ET Q 4.13000 w 3111.91000 7187.97000 m 5427.86000 7187.97000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 377.65200 710.22300 Tm (method) Tj ET Q 4722.64000 7066.36000 m 4722.64000 7185.90000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 477.64600 710.22300 Tm [ (error) -249.97800 (\050\045\051) ] TJ ET Q 3111.91000 7064.28000 m 5427.86000 7064.28000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 370.54000 697.85400 Tm [ (Maxout) -249.99300 (\1339\135) ] TJ ET Q 4722.64000 6942.68000 m 4722.64000 7062.22000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 477.64600 697.85400 Tm (9\05638) Tj -103.22200 -11.95350 Td [ (NIN) -249.99600 (\13325\135) ] TJ ET Q 4722.64000 6823.14000 m 4722.64000 6942.68000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 477.64600 685.90000 Tm (8\05681) Tj -104.25900 -11.95270 Td [ (DSN) -250.01400 (\13324\135) ] TJ ET Q 4722.64000 6703.61000 m 4722.64000 6823.15000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 477.64600 673.94700 Tm (8\05622) Tj ET Q 3111.91000 6701.53000 m 5427.86000 6701.53000 l S 3876.20000 6579.92000 m 3876.20000 6699.46000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 393.00300 661.57800 Tm [ (\043) -249.99100 (layers) ] TJ ET Q 4276.14000 6579.92000 m 4276.14000 6699.46000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 432.99500 661.57800 Tm [ (\043) -249.98800 (params) ] TJ ET Q 4722.64000 6579.92000 m 4722.64000 6699.46000 l S 3111.91000 6577.85000 m 5427.86000 6577.85000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 328.47400 649.21100 Tm [ (FitNet) -250.09000 (\13334\135) ] TJ ET Q 3876.20000 6456.25000 m 3876.20000 6575.79000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 402.96000 649.21100 Tm (19) Tj ET Q 4276.14000 6456.25000 m 4276.14000 6575.79000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 439.97600 649.21100 Tm (2\0565M) Tj ET Q 4722.64000 6456.25000 m 4722.64000 6575.79000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 477.64600 649.21100 Tm (8\05639) Tj -161.27900 -11.95350 Td [ (Highw) 10.01490 (ay) -250.01400 (\13341\054) -250.08200 (42\135) ] TJ ET Q 3876.20000 6336.71000 m 3876.20000 6456.25000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 402.96000 637.25700 Tm (19) Tj ET Q 4276.14000 6336.71000 m 4276.14000 6456.25000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 439.97600 637.25700 Tm (2\0563M) Tj ET Q 4722.64000 6336.71000 m 4722.64000 6456.25000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 477.64600 637.25700 Tm (7\05654) Tj /R14 8.27970 Tf 18.62890 0 Td (\0507\05672) Tj /R81 8.27970 Tf 17.24650 0 Td (\261) Tj /R14 8.27970 Tf 6.84336 0 Td (0\05616\051) Tj /R14 9.31470 Tf -203.99900 -11.95390 Td [ (Highw) 10.01490 (ay) -250.01400 (\13341\054) -250.08200 (42\135) ] TJ ET Q 3876.20000 6217.17000 m 3876.20000 6336.71000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 402.96000 625.30300 Tm (32) Tj ET Q 4276.14000 6217.17000 m 4276.14000 6336.71000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 437.64800 625.30300 Tm (1\05625M) Tj ET Q 4722.64000 6217.17000 m 4722.64000 6336.71000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 477.64600 625.30300 Tm (8\05680) Tj ET Q 3111.91000 6215.10000 m 5427.86000 6215.10000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 335.59200 612.93500 Tm (ResNet) Tj ET Q 3876.20000 6093.49000 m 3876.20000 6213.03000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 402.96000 612.93500 Tm (20) Tj ET Q 4276.14000 6093.49000 m 4276.14000 6213.03000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 437.64800 612.93500 Tm (0\05627M) Tj ET Q 4722.64000 6093.49000 m 4722.64000 6213.03000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 477.64600 612.93500 Tm (8\05675) Tj -142.05400 -11.95350 Td (ResNet) Tj ET Q 3876.20000 5973.95000 m 3876.20000 6093.49000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 402.96000 600.98100 Tm (32) Tj ET Q 4276.14000 5973.95000 m 4276.14000 6093.49000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 437.64800 600.98100 Tm (0\05646M) Tj ET Q 4722.64000 5973.95000 m 4722.64000 6093.49000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 477.64600 600.98100 Tm (7\05651) Tj -142.05400 -11.95350 Td (ResNet) Tj ET Q 3876.20000 5854.41000 m 3876.20000 5973.95000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 402.96000 589.02700 Tm (44) Tj ET Q 4276.14000 5854.41000 m 4276.14000 5973.95000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 437.64800 589.02700 Tm (0\05666M) Tj ET Q 4722.64000 5854.41000 m 4722.64000 5973.95000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 477.64600 589.02700 Tm (7\05617) Tj -142.05400 -11.95350 Td (ResNet) Tj ET Q 3876.20000 5734.87000 m 3876.20000 5854.41000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 402.96000 577.07300 Tm (56) Tj ET Q 4276.14000 5734.87000 m 4276.14000 5854.41000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 437.64800 577.07300 Tm (0\05685M) Tj ET Q 4722.64000 5734.87000 m 4722.64000 5854.41000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 477.64600 577.07300 Tm (6\05697) Tj -142.05400 -11.95350 Td (ResNet) Tj ET Q 3876.20000 5615.33000 m 3876.20000 5734.87000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 400.63100 565.11900 Tm (110) Tj ET Q 4276.14000 5615.33000 m 4276.14000 5734.87000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 439.97600 565.11900 Tm (1\0567M) Tj ET Q 4722.64000 5615.33000 m 4722.64000 5734.87000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R12 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 477.64600 565.11900 Tm (6\05643) Tj /R14 8.27970 Tf 18.62890 0 Td (\0506\05661) Tj /R81 8.27970 Tf 17.24650 0 Td (\261) Tj /R14 8.27970 Tf 6.84336 0 Td (0\05616\051) Tj /R14 9.31470 Tf -184.77300 -11.95430 Td (ResNet) Tj ET Q 3876.20000 5495.79000 m 3876.20000 5615.33000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 398.30300 553.16500 Tm (1202) Tj ET Q 4276.14000 5495.79000 m 4276.14000 5615.33000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 437.64800 553.16500 Tm (19\0564M) Tj ET Q 4722.64000 5495.79000 m 4722.64000 5615.33000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 9.31470 Tf 1 0 0 1 477.64600 553.16500 Tm (7\05693) Tj ET Q 3111.91000 5493.72000 m 5427.86000 5493.72000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 308.86200 532.02900 Tm [ (T) 79.98070 (able) -287.99700 (6\056) -288.99100 (Classi\223cation) -287.99200 (error) -288.98800 (on) -288.01100 (the) ] TJ /R12 8.96640 Tf 128.10900 0 Td [ (CIF) 90.08240 (AR\05510) ] TJ /R14 8.96640 Tf 42.11910 0 Td [ (test) -288.00600 (set\056) -426.01000 (All) -287.91300 (meth\055) ] TJ -170.22800 -10.95860 Td [ (ods) -216.99700 (are) -217.00800 (with) -217.99300 (data) -216.89900 (augmentation\056) -298.90200 (F) 15.00280 (or) -217.01600 (ResNet\055110\054) -223.98600 (we) -216.98300 (run) -217.01600 (it) -216.98300 (5) -217 (times) ] TJ 10.95860 TL T* [ (and) -249.99700 (sho) 25.00930 (w) -249.98900 (\215best) -250.00300 (\050mean) ] TJ /R97 8.96640 Tf 79.20820 0 Td (\261) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 7.16758 0 Td [ (std\051\216) -249.91300 (as) -249.99500 (in) -250.01100 (\13342\135\056) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf -86.37580 -31.17660 Td [ (so) -269.98200 (our) -269.98700 (residual) -270.01400 (models) -268.98200 (ha) 19.99670 (v) 14.98280 (e) -270 (e) 15.01220 (xactly) -270.01900 (the) -269.98400 (same) -269.98400 (depth\054) -274.99300 (width\054) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (and) -249.99300 (number) -249.89900 (of) -249.99500 (parameters) -249.99300 (as) -249.99700 (the) -249.98800 (plain) -250.01700 (counterparts\056) ] TJ 11.95510 -11.95510 Td [ (W) 79.98660 (e) -246.00300 (use) -245.99100 (a) -246.00300 (weight) -244.99600 (decay) -246.00300 (of) -245.99800 (0\0560001) -246.00800 (and) -245.99300 (momentum) -245.98300 (of) -245.99800 (0\0569\054) ] TJ -11.95510 -11.95550 Td [ (and) -285.00600 (adopt) -284.01400 (the) -284.88600 (weight) -284.98900 (initialization) -283.89400 (in) -285.00100 (\13312\135) -285.00600 (and) -283.98700 (BN) -284.99700 (\13316\135) -285.00600 (b) 20.00160 (ut) ] TJ T* [ (with) -395.99000 (no) -394.98300 (dropout\056) -746.98100 (These) -394.98600 (models) -395.98300 (are) -395.00300 (trained) -395.99800 (with) -395.00800 (a) -396.01700 (mini\055) ] TJ T* [ (batch) -341.89600 (size) -340.99700 (of) -342.01900 (128) -342.00700 (on) -340.99200 (tw) 10.00810 (o) -342.01600 (GPUs\056) -585.01000 (W) 79.98660 (e) -341.98700 (start) -340.98700 (with) -341.99700 (a) -341.98700 (learning) ] TJ 11.95590 TL T* [ (rate) -351.00500 (of) -352.01700 (0\0561\054) -376.98100 (di) 24.98850 (vide) -350.98800 (it) -352.00500 (by) -350.99000 (10) -352.01000 (at) -350.99500 (32k) -352.00500 (and) -350.99500 (48k) -352.00500 (iterations\054) -377 (and) ] TJ T* [ (terminate) -252.91600 (training) -251.88900 (at) -253.01400 (64k) -253.00200 (iterations\054) -254.00200 (which) -251.98200 (is) -253.00200 (determined) -252.99200 (on) ] TJ T* [ (a) -244.00300 (45k\0575k) -244.98600 (train\057v) 25 (al) -243.99600 (split\056) -307.99300 (W) 79.98660 (e) -244.00300 (follo) 24.99580 (w) -245.01300 (the) -243.98900 (simple) -244.00300 (data) -245.01300 (augmen\055) ] TJ T* [ (tation) -244.99100 (in) -245.98600 (\13324\135) -245.01500 (for) -245.02000 (training\072) -307.99300 (4) -245.01300 (pix) 14.99750 (els) -245.00800 (are) -246.00800 (padded) -245.00800 (on) -245.00800 (each) -246.00800 (side\054) ] TJ 3.74594 Tc 11.95510 TL T* [ (a) 375.99600 (n) 376.00600 (da3) 376.01300 (2) ] TJ 0 Tc /R16 9.96260 Tf 36.26370 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 7.74883 0 Td [ (32) -376.00600 (crop) -376.01300 (is) -376.00300 (randomly) -375.98600 (sampled) -375.99100 (from) -376.00600 (the) -376.00600 (padded) ] TJ -44.01250 -11.95630 Td [ (image) -340.98700 (or) -341 (its) -342.00200 (horizontal) -341.99200 (\224ip\056) -583.01100 (F) 14.99260 (or) -341.00700 (testing\054) -363.98300 (we) -341.98200 (only) -341.01700 (e) 25.01050 (v) 24.98110 (aluate) ] TJ 11.95630 TL T* [ (the) -249.99000 (single) -249.89200 (vie) 24.90520 (w) -249.99500 (of) -250 (the) -249.99000 (original) -250.00700 (32) ] TJ /R16 9.96260 Tf 131.46600 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 7.74805 0 Td [ (32) -249.98800 (image\056) ] TJ -127.25900 -11.95510 Td [ (W) 79.98660 (e) -275.99800 (compare) ] TJ /R53 9.96260 Tf 52.83050 0 Td (n) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 9.22656 0 Td (\075) Tj /R16 9.96260 Tf 10.99450 0 Td (\173) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 4.98125 0 Td (3) Tj /R53 9.96260 Tf 4.98242 0 Td (\054) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 4.42852 0 Td (5) Tj /R53 9.96260 Tf 4.98125 0 Td (\054) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 4.42852 0 Td (7) Tj /R53 9.96260 Tf 4.98125 0 Td (\054) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 4.42812 0 Td (9) Tj /R16 9.96260 Tf 4.98125 0 Td (\175) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 4.98242 0 Td [ (\054) -281.98700 (leading) -276.01300 (to) -275.98300 (20\054) -282.99700 (32\054) -282.01700 (44\054) -282.99700 (and) ] TJ -128.17900 -11.95510 Td [ (56\055layer) -291.90500 (netw) 10.00810 (orks\056) -435.99100 (Fig\056) -292 (6) -291.98600 (\050left\051) -291.91200 (sho) 24.99090 (ws) -291.98100 (the) -293 (beha) 19.99670 (viors) -292.01000 (of) -291.99000 (the) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (plain) -248.99800 (nets\056) -308.99000 (The) -248.89500 (deep) -249.01500 (plain) -248.99800 (nets) -247.98300 (suf) 24.98600 (fer) -248.98800 (from) -249.00700 (increased) -248.89500 (depth\054) ] TJ T* [ (and) -326.01900 (e) 15.01220 (xhibit) -325.00700 (higher) -326.00900 (training) -325.01400 (error) -325.99500 (when) -324.99500 (going) -325.99500 (deeper) 55.00550 (\056) -537.00400 (This) ] TJ T* [ (phenomenon) -209.88700 (is) -209.01200 (similar) -210.01200 (to) -209.99200 (that) -209.00900 (on) -209.99400 (ImageNet) -209.99400 (\050Fig\056) -209 (4\054) -217.99300 (left\051) -210 (and) ] TJ T* [ (on) 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3791.58000 6311.53000 1.15234 1.14844 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.36460 Tf 1.00062 0 0 1 378.24000 625.52900 Tm (5) Tj ET Q 3999.35000 6300.05000 m 3999.35000 6313.83000 l S 4000.50000 6311.53000 1.14063 1.14844 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.36460 Tf 1.00062 0 0 1 399.01700 625.52900 Tm (6) Tj ET Q 2749.30000 6300.05000 m 2760.78000 6300.05000 l S 2761.93000 6297.76000 1.14844 1.14844 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.36460 Tf 1.00062 0 0 1 272.17500 628.39800 Tm (0) Tj ET Q 2749.30000 6519.30000 m 2760.78000 6519.30000 l S 2761.93000 6518.15000 1.14844 1.15234 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.36460 Tf 1.00062 0 0 1 272.17500 650.32300 Tm (5) Tj ET Q 2749.30000 6738.55000 m 2760.78000 6738.55000 l S 2761.93000 6736.25000 1.14844 1.14844 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00262 Tc /R24 4.36460 Tf 1.00062 0 0 1 269.99400 672.24700 Tm (10) Tj ET Q 2749.30000 7175.89000 m 2760.78000 7175.89000 l S 2761.93000 7174.74000 1.14844 1.14453 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00262 Tc /R24 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0 0 scn 4938.32000 6297.76000 1.14063 1.14844 re f 4937.17000 6300.05000 m 4937.17000 6300.05000 l S 4938.32000 6297.76000 1.14063 1.14844 re f 4284.02000 6344.82000 m 4937.17000 6344.82000 l S 4938.32000 6343.67000 1.14063 1.14844 re f 4937.17000 6344.82000 m 4937.17000 6344.82000 l S 4938.32000 6343.67000 1.14063 1.14844 re f 4284.02000 6519.30000 m 4937.17000 6519.30000 l S 4938.32000 6518.15000 1.14063 1.15234 re f 4937.17000 6519.30000 m 4937.17000 6519.30000 l S 4938.32000 6518.15000 1.14063 1.15234 re f 4284.02000 6738.55000 m 4937.17000 6738.55000 l S 4938.32000 6736.25000 1.14063 1.14844 re f 4937.17000 6738.55000 m 4937.17000 6738.55000 l S 4938.32000 6736.25000 1.14063 1.14844 re f 4284.02000 7175.89000 m 4937.17000 7175.89000 l S 4938.32000 7174.74000 1.14063 1.14453 re f 4937.17000 7175.89000 m 4937.17000 7175.89000 l S 4938.32000 7174.74000 1.14063 1.14453 re f [ ] 0 d 4284.02000 6300.05000 m 4937.17000 6300.05000 l S 4938.32000 6297.76000 1.14063 1.14844 re f 4284.02000 6300.05000 m 4284.02000 7175.89000 l S 4285.17000 7174.74000 1.14844 1.14453 re f 4402.25000 6300.05000 m 4402.25000 6310.38000 l S 4402.25000 6308.09000 1.14844 1.14844 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.36460 Tf 0.99993 0 0 1 439.19300 625.52900 Tm (4) Tj ET Q 4635.28000 6300.05000 m 4635.28000 6310.38000 l S 4636.42000 6308.09000 1.14844 1.14844 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.36460 Tf 0.99993 0 0 1 462.60900 625.52900 Tm (5) Tj ET Q 4868.30000 6300.05000 m 4868.30000 6310.38000 l S 4869.44000 6308.09000 1.14844 1.14844 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.36460 Tf 0.99993 0 0 1 485.91100 625.52900 Tm (6) Tj ET Q 4284.02000 6300.05000 m 4294.35000 6300.05000 l S 4295.50000 6297.76000 1.14844 1.14844 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.36460 Tf 0.99993 0 0 1 425.76200 628.39800 Tm (0) Tj ET Q 4284.02000 6344.82000 m 4294.35000 6344.82000 l S 4295.50000 6343.67000 1.14844 1.14844 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.36460 Tf 0.99993 0 0 1 425.76200 632.87500 Tm (1) Tj ET Q 4284.02000 6519.30000 m 4294.35000 6519.30000 l S 4295.50000 6518.15000 1.14844 1.15234 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.36460 Tf 0.99993 0 0 1 425.76200 650.32300 Tm (5) Tj ET Q 4284.02000 6738.55000 m 4294.35000 6738.55000 l S 4295.50000 6736.25000 1.14844 1.14844 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00131 Tc /R24 4.36460 Tf 0.99993 0 0 1 423.58100 672.24700 Tm (10) Tj ET Q 4284.02000 7175.89000 m 4294.35000 7175.89000 l S 4295.50000 7174.74000 1.14844 1.14453 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00131 Tc /R24 4.36460 Tf 0.99993 0 0 1 423.58100 715.98200 Tm (20) Tj ET Q q 4285.17000 6297.76000 656.59000 32.13670 re W n [ 10.06200 3.35410 3.35410 3.35410 ] 0 d 3.36000 w 4284.02000 6326.45000 m 4308.13000 6311.53000 l 4331.09000 6316.12000 l 4355.19000 6310.38000 l 4378.15000 6314.98000 l 4402.25000 6310.38000 l 4425.21000 6310.38000 l 4449.32000 6306.94000 l 4472.28000 6308.09000 l 4496.38000 6306.94000 l 4518.19000 6310.38000 l 4541.15000 6304.65000 l 4565.25000 6304.65000 l 4588.21000 6303.50000 l 4612.32000 6303.50000 l 4635.28000 6300.05000 l 4659.38000 6306.94000 l 4682.34000 6303.50000 l 4705.30000 6300.05000 l 4728.25000 6303.50000 l 4751.21000 6303.50000 l 4774.17000 6300.05000 l 4798.27000 6300.05000 l 4821.23000 6304.65000 l 4845.34000 6303.50000 l 4868.30000 6304.65000 l 4892.40000 6304.65000 l 4915.36000 6300.05000 l 4937.17000 6300.05000 l 4940.61000 6301.20000 l S Q q 4285.17000 6578.99000 656.59000 32.14060 re W n 8.39000 w 4284.02000 6605.39000 m 4308.13000 6600.80000 l 4331.09000 6605.39000 l 4355.19000 6601.95000 l 4378.15000 6600.80000 l 4402.25000 6605.39000 l 4425.21000 6601.95000 l 4449.32000 6604.24000 l 4472.28000 6601.95000 l 4496.38000 6600.80000 l 4518.19000 6597.36000 l 4541.15000 6591.62000 l 4565.25000 6593.91000 l 4588.21000 6600.80000 l 4612.32000 6591.62000 l 4635.28000 6595.06000 l 4659.38000 6590.47000 l 4682.34000 6591.62000 l 4705.30000 6587.02000 l 4728.25000 6591.62000 l 4751.21000 6593.91000 l 4774.17000 6588.17000 l 4798.27000 6590.47000 l 4821.23000 6590.47000 l 4845.34000 6588.17000 l 4868.30000 6590.47000 l 4892.40000 6591.62000 l 4915.36000 6587.02000 l 4937.17000 6588.17000 l 4940.61000 6588.17000 l S Q q 4285.17000 6297.76000 656.59000 41.32030 re W n [ 10.06200 3.35410 3.35410 3.35410 ] 0 d 3.36000 w 1 0 1 SCN 4284.02000 6336.79000 m 4308.13000 6318.42000 l 4331.09000 6321.86000 l 4355.19000 6316.12000 l 4378.15000 6310.38000 l 4402.25000 6313.83000 l 4425.21000 6311.53000 l 4449.32000 6314.98000 l 4472.28000 6308.09000 l 4496.38000 6308.09000 l 4518.19000 6304.65000 l 4541.15000 6304.65000 l 4565.25000 6306.94000 l 4588.21000 6308.09000 l 4612.32000 6304.65000 l 4635.28000 6303.50000 l 4659.38000 6304.65000 l 4682.34000 6300.05000 l 4728.25000 6300.05000 l 4751.21000 6304.65000 l 4798.27000 6304.65000 l 4821.23000 6303.50000 l 4892.40000 6303.50000 l 4915.36000 6306.94000 l 4937.17000 6303.50000 l 4940.61000 6301.20000 l S Q q 4285.17000 6635.24000 656.59000 44.76170 re W n 8.39000 w 1 0 1 SCN 4284.02000 6673.12000 m 4284.02000 6674.26000 l 4308.13000 6673.12000 l 4331.09000 6645.57000 l 4355.19000 6652.45000 l 4378.15000 6667.38000 l 4402.25000 6653.60000 l 4425.21000 6657.05000 l 4449.32000 6670.82000 l 4472.28000 6653.60000 l 4496.38000 6663.93000 l 4518.19000 6652.45000 l 4541.15000 6663.93000 l 4565.25000 6666.23000 l 4588.21000 6659.34000 l 4612.32000 6647.86000 l 4635.28000 6647.86000 l 4659.38000 6649.01000 l 4682.34000 6651.31000 l 4705.30000 6651.31000 l 4728.25000 6652.45000 l 4751.21000 6649.01000 l 4774.17000 6647.86000 l 4821.23000 6647.86000 l 4845.34000 6655.90000 l 4868.30000 6652.45000 l 4892.40000 6645.57000 l 4915.36000 6642.12000 l 4937.17000 6644.42000 l 4940.61000 6645.57000 l S Q q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.04482 Tc /R24 5.03590 Tf 1 0 0 1 451.13000 620.47800 Tm -0.04129 Tw [ (i) 35.96250 (t) 35.96250 (e) 19.60530 (r\056) -14.62160 ( \0501) 7.39805 (e) 19.60530 (4) 7.42714 (\051) ] TJ 0 1 -1 0 421.28500 664.21200 Tm [ (e) 19.60530 (r) 22.78560 (ro) 7.39805 (r \050\045) 21.26330 (\051) ] TJ ET Q 1 1 1 scn 4595.10000 7050.77000 336.32800 113.64100 re f 1 1 1 SCN 4595.10000 7050.77000 m 4595.10000 7164.41000 l 4931.43000 7164.41000 l 4931.43000 7050.77000 l 4595.10000 7050.77000 l S 0 0 0 SCN 4595.10000 7164.41000 m 4931.43000 7164.41000 l S 0 0 0 scn 4931.43000 7163.26000 1.14844 1.14844 re f 4595.10000 7050.77000 m 4931.43000 7050.77000 l S 4931.43000 7048.47000 1.14844 1.14844 re f 4931.43000 7050.77000 m 4931.43000 7164.41000 l S 4931.43000 7163.26000 1.14844 1.14844 re f 4595.10000 7050.77000 m 4595.10000 7164.41000 l S 4595.10000 7163.26000 1.14844 1.14844 re f 4595.10000 7050.77000 m 4931.43000 7050.77000 l S 4931.43000 7048.47000 1.14844 1.14844 re f 4595.10000 7050.77000 m 4595.10000 7164.41000 l S 4595.10000 7163.26000 1.14844 1.14844 re f 4595.10000 7164.41000 m 4931.43000 7164.41000 l S 4931.43000 7163.26000 1.14844 1.14844 re f 4595.10000 7050.77000 m 4931.43000 7050.77000 l S 4931.43000 7048.47000 1.14844 1.14844 re f 4931.43000 7050.77000 m 4931.43000 7164.41000 l S 4931.43000 7163.26000 1.14844 1.14844 re f 4595.10000 7050.77000 m 4595.10000 7164.41000 l S 4595.10000 7163.26000 1.14844 1.14844 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.00698 Tc /R24 4.36460 Tf 0.99993 0 0 1 468.34900 711.85000 Tm [ (r) -7.30581 (e) -1.74534 (si) 42.68250 (dual) 42.67130 (\055) -7.30581 (110) ] TJ ET Q 8.39000 w 4608.87000 7134.56000 m 4675.45000 7134.56000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.00087 Tc /R24 4.36460 Tf 0.99993 0 0 1 468.34900 706.22500 Tm [ (r) -8.70432 (e) -3.14385 (s) -5.06820 (i) 41.28400 (dual) 41.27280 (\055) -8.70432 (1202) ] TJ ET Q 1 0 1 SCN 4608.87000 7081.76000 m 4675.45000 7081.76000 l S 0.13745 0.12280 0.12598 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 50.11210 612.62600 Tm [ (Figure) -274.90400 (6\056) -275.00700 (T) 35.02180 (raining) -275.00100 (on) ] TJ /R12 8.96640 Tf 79.52810 0 Td [ (CIF) 90.08240 (AR\05510) ] TJ /R14 8.96640 Tf 39.53200 0 Td [ (\056) -385.00900 (Dashed) -274.98500 (lines) -274.98200 (denote) -274.01300 (training) -274.99000 (error) 40.01760 (\054) -281.01900 (and) -275.00400 (bold) -275.02000 (lines) -274.98200 (denote) -275.01500 (testing) -275.01800 (error) 55.00680 (\056) ] TJ /R12 8.96640 Tf 261.59000 0 Td (Left) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 15.93320 0 Td [ (\072) -360.01400 (plain) -274.98500 (netw) 9.99826 (orks\056) -384.01800 (The) -275.00700 (error) ] TJ -396.58300 -10.95900 Td [ (of) -249.99300 (plain\055110) -249.99500 (is) -250.00800 (higher) -250.00300 (than) -249.98900 (60\045) -249.99300 (and) -249.99700 (not) -250.01400 (displayed\056) ] TJ /R12 8.96640 Tf 184.32900 0 Td (Middle) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 27.40120 0 Td [ (\072) -310.00300 (ResNets\056) ] TJ /R12 8.96640 Tf 40.17850 0 Td (Right) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 21.41990 0 Td [ (\072) -310.00300 (ResNets) -249.99500 (with) -250.01400 (110) -249.97800 (and) -249.99700 (1202) -249.97800 (layers\056) ] TJ ET Q q 619.25000 4628.59000 2126.21000 1169.42000 re W n 1 1 1 scn 619.53900 4632.07000 2125.92000 619.89100 re f Q 1 1 1 scn 716.85900 4753.84000 2022.02000 451.73000 re f 0.58000 w 1 J 1 1 1 SCN 716.85900 4753.84000 2022.02000 451.73000 re S 0 0 0 SCN 716.85900 4753.84000 m 2738.88000 4753.84000 l S 0 0 0 scn 2738.88000 4752.68000 0.58203 0.58203 re f 716.85900 4753.84000 m 716.85900 5205.57000 l S 716.85900 5204.99000 0.57812 0.57812 re f 716.85900 4753.84000 m 716.85900 4773.56000 l S 716.85900 4772.98000 0.57812 0.57812 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 70.58400 470.74500 Tm (0) Tj ET Q 1083.92000 4753.84000 m 1083.92000 4773.56000 l S 1084.50000 4772.98000 0.57812 0.57812 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.05341 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 106.07200 470.74500 Tm (20) Tj ET Q 1451.56000 4753.84000 m 1451.56000 4773.56000 l S 1451.56000 4772.98000 0.58203 0.57812 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00464 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 142.83700 470.74500 Tm (40) Tj ET Q 1818.62000 4753.84000 m 1818.62000 4773.56000 l S 1819.20000 4772.98000 0.58203 0.57812 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.05341 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 179.54300 470.74500 Tm (60) Tj ET Q 2186.26000 4753.84000 m 2186.26000 4773.56000 l S 2186.26000 4772.98000 0.57812 0.57812 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00464 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 216.30700 470.74500 Tm (80) Tj ET Q 2553.32000 4753.84000 m 2553.32000 4773.56000 l S 2553.90000 4772.98000 0.58203 0.57812 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00464 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 251.96900 470.74500 Tm (100) Tj ET Q 716.85900 4829.81000 m 735.42200 4829.81000 l S 735.41000 4828.65000 0.57812 0.58203 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 68.72850 481.41500 Tm (1) Tj ET Q 716.85900 4980 m 735.42200 4980 l S 735.41000 4978.84000 0.57812 0.57812 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 68.72850 496.43400 Tm (2) Tj ET Q 716.85900 5131.34000 m 735.42200 5131.34000 l S 735.41000 5130.76000 0.57812 0.57812 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 68.72850 511.62700 Tm (3) Tj ET Q [ 18.62110 6.20713 ] 0 d 6.20003 w 0 J 0.75000 0.75000 0 SCN q 1.00300 0 0 -0.99701 0 0 cm 731.48500 -5044.40000 m 749.98400 -5010.09000 l 769.06400 -5005.42000 l 787.56300 -4997.87000 l 806.06200 -4994.96000 l 823.40500 -4981 l 841.91600 -4976.35000 l 860.41500 -4974.61000 l 878.91500 -4974.61000 l 897.41400 -4972.85000 l 914.75600 -4971.69000 l 933.25600 -4968.20000 l 951.75500 -4963.56000 l 970.83500 -4949.59000 l 989.34500 -4944.95000 l 1006.10000 -4937.39000 l 1025.18000 -4933.89000 l 1043.69000 -4915.28000 l 1062.17000 -4887.36000 l S Q 1 0 0 SCN q 1.00300 0 0 -0.99701 0 0 cm 731.48500 -5151.42000 m 749.98400 -5050.80000 l 769.06400 -5039.73000 l 787.56300 -5030.45000 l 806.06200 -5025.79000 l 823.40500 -5024.05000 l 841.91600 -5018.22000 l 860.41500 -5013.57000 l 878.91500 -4996.12000 l 897.41400 -4994.96000 l 914.75600 -4991.48000 l 933.25600 -4979.26000 l 951.75500 -4976.35000 l 970.83500 -4974.61000 l 989.34500 -4971.69000 l 1006.10000 -4969.96000 l 1025.18000 -4968.20000 l 1043.69000 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494.23000 Tm [ (st) -5.68060 (d) ] TJ ET Q 1 1 1 scn 2302.82000 4900.55000 311.39100 291.09800 re f 0.58000 w 1 1 1 SCN 2302.82000 4900.55000 m 2302.82000 5191.65000 l 2614.21000 5191.65000 l 2614.21000 4900.55000 l 2302.82000 4900.55000 l S 0 0 0 SCN 2302.82000 5191.65000 m 2614.21000 5191.65000 l S 0 0 0 scn 2614.21000 5191.07000 0.57812 0.57812 re f 2302.82000 4900.55000 m 2614.21000 4900.55000 l S 2614.21000 4899.97000 0.57812 0.58203 re f 2614.21000 4900.55000 m 2614.21000 5191.65000 l S 2614.21000 5191.07000 0.57812 0.57812 re f 2302.82000 4900.55000 m 2302.82000 5191.65000 l S 2303.40000 5191.07000 0.58203 0.57812 re f 2302.82000 4900.55000 m 2614.21000 4900.55000 l S 2614.21000 4899.97000 0.57812 0.58203 re f 2302.82000 4900.55000 m 2302.82000 5191.65000 l S 2303.40000 5191.07000 0.58203 0.57812 re f 2302.82000 5191.65000 m 2614.21000 5191.65000 l S 2614.21000 5191.07000 0.57812 0.57812 re f 2302.82000 4900.55000 m 2614.21000 4900.55000 l S 2614.21000 4899.97000 0.57812 0.58203 re f 2614.21000 4900.55000 m 2614.21000 5191.65000 l S 2614.21000 5191.07000 0.57812 0.57812 re f 2302.82000 4900.55000 m 2302.82000 5191.65000 l S 2303.40000 5191.07000 0.58203 0.57812 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00093 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 238.40000 514.41000 Tm [ (pl) 40.63930 (a) 7.03848 (i) 40.63410 (n\05520) ] TJ ET Q [ 18.62110 6.20713 ] 0 d 6.20003 w 0.75000 0.75000 0 SCN q 1.00300 0 0 -0.99701 0 0 cm 2308.67000 -5176.42000 m 2370.53000 -5176.42000 l S Q q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00093 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 238.40000 508.66900 Tm [ (pl) 40.63930 (a) 7.03848 (i) 40.63410 (n\05556) ] TJ ET Q [ 18.62110 6.20713 ] 0 d 1 0 0 SCN q 1.00300 0 0 -0.99701 0 0 cm 2308.67000 -5118.85000 m 2370.53000 -5118.85000 l S Q q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.02462 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 238.40000 502.98600 Tm [ (Re) 12.50640 (s) 32.67110 (N) -8.56698 (e) 12.36990 (t) 8.56698 (\0552) 6.29261 (0) ] TJ ET Q [ ] 0 d 0.75000 0.75000 0 SCN q 1.00300 0 0 -0.99701 0 0 cm 2308.67000 -5061.26000 m 2370.52000 -5061.26000 l S Q q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.02462 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 238.40000 497.36200 Tm [ (Re) 12.50640 (s) 32.67110 (N) -8.56698 (e) 12.36990 (t) 8.56698 (\0555) 6.29261 (6) ] TJ ET Q 1 0 0 SCN q 1.00300 0 0 -0.99701 0 0 cm 2308.67000 -5005.42000 m 2370.52000 -5005.42000 l S Q q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.00093 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 238.40000 491.67900 Tm [ (R) -6.47645 (e) 7.43768 (s) 27.57090 (N) -13.66730 (e) 7.26959 (t) 3.46671 (\055110) ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN q 1.00300 0 0 -0.99701 0 0 cm 2308.67000 -4947.85000 m 2370.52000 -4947.85000 l S Q q 619.25000 4628.59000 2126.21000 1169.42000 re W n 1 1 1 scn 619.53900 5218.90000 2125.92000 579.10900 re f Q 1 1 1 scn 716.85900 5340.68000 2022.02000 451.71900 re f 0.58000 w 1 1 1 SCN 716.85900 5340.68000 m 716.85900 5792.40000 l 2738.88000 5792.40000 l 2738.88000 5340.68000 l 716.85900 5340.68000 l S 0 0 0 SCN 716.85900 5340.68000 m 2738.88000 5340.68000 l S 0 0 0 scn 2738.88000 5339.52000 0.58203 0.58203 re f 716.85900 5340.68000 m 716.85900 5792.40000 l S 716.85900 5791.82000 0.57812 0.57812 re f 716.85900 5340.68000 m 716.85900 5360.39000 l S 716.85900 5359.81000 0.57812 0.58203 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 70.58400 529.42900 Tm (0) Tj ET Q 1083.92000 5340.68000 m 1083.92000 5360.39000 l S 1084.50000 5359.81000 0.57812 0.58203 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.05341 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 106.07200 529.42900 Tm (20) Tj ET Q 1451.56000 5340.68000 m 1451.56000 5360.39000 l S 1451.56000 5359.81000 0.58203 0.58203 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00464 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 142.83700 529.42900 Tm (40) Tj ET Q 1818.62000 5340.68000 m 1818.62000 5360.39000 l S 1819.20000 5359.81000 0.58203 0.58203 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.05341 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 179.54300 529.42900 Tm (60) Tj ET Q 2186.26000 5340.68000 m 2186.26000 5360.39000 l S 2186.26000 5359.81000 0.57812 0.58203 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00464 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 216.30700 529.42900 Tm (80) Tj ET Q 2553.32000 5340.68000 m 2553.32000 5360.39000 l S 2553.90000 5359.81000 0.58203 0.58203 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00464 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 251.96900 529.42900 Tm (100) Tj ET Q 716.85900 5416.64000 m 735.42200 5416.64000 l S 735.41000 5415.48000 0.57812 0.57812 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 68.72850 540.09800 Tm (1) Tj ET Q 716.85900 5566.83000 m 735.42200 5566.83000 l S 735.41000 5565.67000 0.57812 0.57812 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 68.72850 555.11700 Tm (2) Tj ET Q 716.85900 5718.18000 m 735.42200 5718.18000 l S 735.41000 5717.60000 0.57812 0.57812 re f q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 68.72850 570.31000 Tm (3) Tj ET Q [ 18.62110 6.20713 ] 0 d 6.20003 w 0.75000 0.75000 0 SCN q 1.00300 0 0 -0.99701 0 0 cm 731.48500 -5594.02000 m 749.98400 -5586.46000 l 769.06400 -5564.94000 l 787.56300 -5552.15000 l 806.06200 -5561.45000 l 823.40500 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914.75600 -5460.83000 l 933.25600 -5514.93000 l 951.76700 -5466.65000 l 970.83500 -5525.97000 l 989.33400 -5595.77000 l 1006.10000 -5499.22000 l 1025.18000 -5560.29000 l 1043.69000 -5496.31000 l 1062.17000 -5659.17000 l S Q 1 0 0 SCN q 1.00300 0 0 -0.99701 0 0 cm 731.48500 -5732.45000 m 749.98400 -5474.80000 l 769.06400 -5412.56000 l 787.56300 -5488.75000 l 806.06200 -5420.13000 l 823.41300 -5463.75000 l 841.91600 -5392.21000 l 860.41500 -5445.14000 l 878.91500 -5389.30000 l 897.41400 -5446.89000 l 914.75600 -5380 l 933.25600 -5451.53000 l 951.76700 -5415.47000 l 970.83500 -5448.04000 l 989.33400 -5443.39000 l 1006.10000 -5466.66000 l 1025.18000 -5462 l 1062.17000 -5484.11000 l 1080.69000 -5465.49000 l 1098.04000 -5440.49000 l 1116.53000 -5434.09000 l 1135.03000 -5412.56000 l 1153.53000 -5434.09000 l 1172.61000 -5405 l 1191.12000 -5424.78000 l 1207.87000 -5393.96000 l 1226.96000 -5418.96000 l 1245.46000 -5387.56000 l 1263.96000 -5440.49000 l 1282.46000 -5418.96000 l 1299.81000 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ET Q [ 18.62110 6.20713 ] 0 d 6.20003 w 0.75000 0.75000 0 SCN q 1.00300 0 0 -0.99701 0 0 cm 2308.67000 -5765.01000 m 2370.53000 -5765.01000 l S Q q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT -0.00093 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 238.40000 567.35300 Tm [ (pl) 40.63930 (a) 7.03848 (i) 40.63410 (n\05556) ] TJ ET Q [ 18.62110 6.20713 ] 0 d 1 0 0 SCN q 1.00300 0 0 -0.99701 0 0 cm 2308.67000 -5707.44000 m 2370.53000 -5707.44000 l S Q q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.02462 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 238.40000 561.67000 Tm [ (Re) 12.50640 (s) 32.67110 (N) -8.56698 (e) 12.36990 (t) 8.56698 (\0552) 6.29261 (0) ] TJ ET Q [ ] 0 d 0.75000 0.75000 0 SCN q 1.00300 0 0 -0.99701 0 0 cm 2308.67000 -5649.86000 m 2370.52000 -5649.86000 l S Q q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.02462 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 238.40000 556.04500 Tm [ (Re) 12.50640 (s) 32.67110 (N) -8.56698 (e) 12.36990 (t) 8.56698 (\0555) 6.29261 (6) ] TJ ET Q 1 0 0 SCN q 1.00300 0 0 -0.99701 0 0 cm 2308.67000 -5594.02000 m 2370.52000 -5594.02000 l S Q q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT 0.00093 Tc /R24 4.64470 Tf 1.00071 0 0 1 238.40000 550.36200 Tm [ (R) -6.47645 (e) 7.43768 (s) 27.57090 (N) -13.66730 (e) 7.26959 (t) 3.46671 (\055110) ] TJ ET Q 0 0 0 SCN q 1.00300 0 0 -0.99701 0 0 cm 2308.67000 -5536.44000 m 2370.52000 -5536.44000 l S Q 0.13745 0.12280 0.12598 scn q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 50.11210 456.88100 Tm [ (Figure) -287.88600 (7\056) -286.98800 (Standard) -287.99300 (de) 24.98750 (viations) -287.99900 (\050std\051) -287.98200 (of) -286.98000 (layer) -288.01100 (responses) -288.00800 (on) -287.00900 (CIF) 73.99040 (AR\055) ] TJ 10.95780 TL T* [ (10\056) -305.98200 (The) -237.97800 (responses) -238.90900 (are) -238.00600 (the) -238.00700 (outputs) -237.89000 (of) -239.01500 (each) -239.01400 (3) ] TJ /R97 8.96640 Tf 154.39800 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 7.16719 0 Td [ (3) -237.99800 (layer) 39.99310 (\054) -240.98200 (after) -238.01200 (BN) -237.99500 (and) ] TJ -161.56600 -10.95860 Td [ (before) -362.88000 (nonlinearity) 65.11260 (\056) ] TJ -0.82491 Tc /R12 8.96640 Tf 76.97460 0 Td [ (To) -92.01970 (p) ] TJ 0 Tc /R14 8.96640 Tf 14.62420 0 Td [ (\072) -536.01900 (the) -363.99900 (layers) -362.98200 (are) -362.99500 (sho) 25.00930 (wn) -362.99800 (in) -362.97900 (their) -364.00500 (original) ] TJ -91.59880 -10.95860 Td [ (order) 55.10620 (\056) ] TJ /R12 8.96640 Tf 23.44690 0 Td (Bottom) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 28.38670 0 Td [ (\072) -310.00200 (the) -249.98800 (responses) -250.01800 (are) -249.98700 (rank) 9.98601 (ed) -249.99700 (in) -250.01400 (descending) -249.97800 (order) 55.02040 (\056) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf -51.83360 -31.96680 Td [ (netw) 10.00870 (orks) -310.01400 (such) -310.01400 (as) -309.98600 (FitNet) -309.99200 (\13334\135) -309.98400 (and) -309.98100 (Highw) 9.98118 (ay) -311.00700 (\13341\135) -309.98500 (\050T) 79.98660 (able) -309.98500 (6\051\054) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (yet) -249.99000 (is) -249.98400 (among) -250.01400 (the) -249.99000 (state\055of\055the\055art) -249.98600 (results) -250.01200 (\0506\05643\045\054) -250.01700 (T) 79.99160 (able) -249.99500 (6\051\056) ] TJ /R12 9.96260 Tf 18.00160 TL T* [ (Analysis) -336.00800 (of) -335.00100 (Lay) 9.98240 (er) -335.99200 (Responses\056) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 131.53000 0 Td [ (Fig\056) -335.99300 (7) -334.99800 (sho) 24.99340 (ws) -336.01300 (the) -334.99600 (standard) ] TJ -131.53000 -11.95510 Td [ (de) 25.01600 (viations) -337.98300 (\050std\051) -338.01000 (of) -337.98200 (the) -336.99500 (layer) -337.98300 (responses\056) -573.99700 (The) -338.01700 (responses) -338 (are) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (the) -358.99100 (outputs) -360.01700 (of) -358.99800 (each) -359.00700 (3) ] TJ /R16 9.96260 Tf 87.36680 0 Td (\327) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 7.74805 0 Td [ (3) -358.99400 (layer) 39.99330 (\054) -386.99200 (after) -359.00700 (BN) -360.00100 (and) -358.99400 (before) -359.00400 (other) ] TJ -95.11480 -11.95630 Td [ (nonlinearity) -491.91500 (\050ReLU\057addition\051\056) -1035.81000 (F) 14.99260 (or) -491.02000 (ResNets\054) -553.01600 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T* [ (W) 79.98730 (e) -323.00900 (also) -324.01000 (notice) -322.98900 (that) -322.99000 (the) -324.01700 (deeper) -323.01100 (ResNet) -322.98500 (has) -322.99800 (smaller) -324.00500 (magni\055) ] TJ T* [ (tudes) -221.00300 (of) -220 (responses\054) -226.99800 (as) -220.00100 (e) 25.01050 (videnced) -221.00700 (by) -221.01200 (the) -219.99500 (comparisons) -220.98300 (among) ] TJ T* [ (ResNet\05520\054) -415.90100 (56\054) -415.99700 (and) -382.00900 (110) -382.90200 (in) -382.00200 (Fig\056) -383.00500 (7\056) -707.99200 (When) -382.00700 (there) -382.99500 (are) -383.00700 (more) ] TJ T* [ (layers\054) -342.99300 (an) -323.98500 (indi) 25 (vidual) -324 (layer) -323.98500 (of) -323.98400 (ResNets) -323.99700 (tends) -324.00500 (to) -324.99200 (modify) -323.99200 (the) ] TJ T* [ (signal) -250.01000 (less\056) ] TJ /R12 9.96260 Tf 18.00160 TL T* [ (Exploring) -302.90200 (Ov) 10.01550 (er) -303.01700 (1000) -304.00800 (lay) 10.01550 (ers\056) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 125.62000 0 Td [ (W) 79.98790 (e) -303.01300 (e) 15.01220 (xplore) -302.99400 (an) -303.98800 (aggressi) 24.99340 (v) 14.98280 (ely) ] TJ -125.62000 -11.95510 Td [ (deep) -416.00800 (model) -417.00300 (of) -416.00800 (o) 14.98280 (v) 14.98280 (er) -416.01300 (1000) -415.98900 (layers\056) -808.99400 (W) 79.98790 (e) -416.99400 (set) ] TJ /R53 9.96260 Tf 176.81600 0 Td (n) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 11.81480 0 Td [ (\075) -586.81100 (200) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 32.67540 0 Td (that) Tj -221.30600 -11.95630 Td [ (leads) -225.99200 (to) -225.00900 (a) -226.00600 (1202\055layer) -225.00400 (netw) 10.00940 (ork\054) -231.01000 (which) -225.00500 (is) -225.98900 (trained) -225.00900 (as) -226 (described) ] TJ 11.95510 TL T* [ (abo) 14.98340 (v) 14.98280 (e\056) -662.98500 (Our) -368.01300 (method) -367.98600 (sho) 24.99220 (ws) ] TJ /R18 9.96260 Tf 113.61600 0 Td [ (no) -368.00700 (optimization) -367.00700 (dif) 18.01660 (\223culty) ] TJ /R14 9.96260 Tf 101.80100 0 Td [ (\054) -396.99000 (and) ] TJ -215.41700 -11.95510 Td (this) Tj /R39 9.96260 Tf 19.15590 0 Td (10) Tj /R57 6.97380 Tf 9.96211 3.62695 Td (3) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 4.46992 -3.61484 Td [ (\055layer) -478.00100 (netw) 10.08780 (ork) -477.09000 (is) -477.98500 (able) -477.99500 (to) -477.98600 (achie) 25.01540 (v) 14.98280 (e) ] TJ /R18 9.96260 Tf 145.36000 0 Td [ (tr) 14.99010 (aining) -478.00400 (err) 44.98020 (or) ] TJ /R53 9.96260 Tf -178.94800 -11.95510 Td (\074) Tj /R14 9.96260 Tf 7.74883 0 Td [ (0\0561\045) -453.98900 (\050Fig\056) -453.89900 (6\054) -505.00600 (right\051\056) -921.00200 (Its) -453.99300 (test) -453.98700 (error) -454.01200 (is) -453.99000 (still) -454.00800 (f) 9.99588 (airly) -453.99000 (good) ] TJ -7.74883 -11.95550 Td [ (\0507\05693\045\054) -249.90100 (T) 79.99030 (able) -249.91500 (6\051\056) ] TJ 11.95510 -12.02380 Td [ (But) -361.01200 (there) -360.88100 (are) -361.99100 (still) -360.88600 (open) -360.98800 (problems) -360.88700 (on) -362.00800 (such) -360.98600 (aggressi) 24.99340 (v) 14.98280 (ely) ] TJ -11.95510 -11.95510 Td [ (deep) -281.01100 (models\056) -400.99800 (The) -280.88900 (testing) -279.99900 (result) -280.91500 (of) -281.01100 (this) -280.00700 (1202\055layer) -280.99500 (netw) 10.00810 (ork) ] TJ T* [ (is) -294.01600 (w) 10.00140 (orse) -293.00600 (than) -294.01700 (that) -294.01500 (of) -293.00900 (our) -293.98300 (110\055layer) -292.99800 (netw) 10.00810 (ork\054) -304.99800 (although) -293.99500 (both) ] TJ ET Q /R20 gs 3.98000 w 0 j 0.13745 0.12280 0.12598 SCN 3356.69000 5796.01000 m 5183.06000 5796.01000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 343.63900 571.34700 Tm [ (training) -249.89700 (data) ] TJ ET Q 3968.81000 5678.95000 m 3968.81000 5794.02000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 415.79200 571.34700 Tm (07\05312) Tj ET Q 4576.93000 5678.95000 m 4576.93000 5794.02000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 474.07500 571.34700 Tm (07\053\05312) Tj ET Q 3356.69000 5676.96000 m 5183.06000 5676.96000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 351.35900 559.44200 Tm [ (test) -250.01900 (data) ] TJ ET Q 3968.81000 5559.90000 m 3968.81000 5674.97000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 405.05100 559.44200 Tm [ (V) 39.98220 (OC) -250.01100 (07) -249.97800 (test) ] TJ ET Q 4576.93000 5559.90000 m 4576.93000 5674.97000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 465.86200 559.44200 Tm [ (V) 39.98220 (OC) -250.01100 (12) -249.97800 (test) ] TJ ET Q 3356.69000 5557.91000 m 5183.06000 5557.91000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 350.55600 547.53700 Tm [ (V) 15.01920 (GG\05516) ] TJ ET Q 3968.81000 5440.84000 m 3968.81000 5555.91000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 419.44200 547.53700 Tm (73\0562) Tj ET Q 4576.93000 5440.84000 m 4576.93000 5555.91000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 480.25300 547.53700 Tm (70\0564) Tj -135.49400 -11.50740 Td (ResNet\055101) Tj ET Q 3968.81000 5325.78000 m 3968.81000 5440.85000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R12 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 419.44200 536.03000 Tm (76\0564) Tj ET Q 4576.93000 5325.78000 m 4576.93000 5440.85000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R12 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 480.25300 536.03000 Tm (73\0568) Tj ET Q 3356.69000 5323.78000 m 5183.06000 5323.78000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 8.96640 Tf 1 0 0 1 308.86200 520.08700 Tm [ (T) 79.98070 (able) -608.98700 (7\056) -608.97900 (Object) -608.98700 (detection) -608.98700 (mAP) -607.98300 (\050\045\051) -609.00100 (on) -609.00100 (the) -609.01200 (P) 91.98290 (ASCAL) -607.99400 (V) 39.98220 (OC) ] TJ 10.95900 TL T* [ (2007\0572012) -382.80400 (test) -382.98100 (sets) -382.98400 (using) ] TJ /R12 8.96640 Tf 97.43050 0 Td (baseline) Tj /R14 8.96640 Tf 34.32340 0 Td [ (F) 15.00280 (aster) -382.97800 (R\055CNN\056) -383.01100 (See) -383.00500 (also) -382.98900 (ap\055) ] TJ -131.75400 -10.95860 Td [ (pendix) -249.90200 (for) -249.91800 (better) -249.88000 (results\056) ] TJ ET Q 3392.55000 4900.51000 m 5147.19000 4900.51000 l S q 10 0 0 10 0 0 cm BT /R14 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(imagenet) -294.99600 (classi\223cation\056) -503.99900 (In) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf (ICCV) ' /R14 7.97010 Tf 18.15590 0 Td [ (\054) -250.01400 (2015\056) ] TJ -36.41520 -10.45660 Td [ (\13313\135) -624.88700 (G\056) -559.01500 (E\056) -559.00500 (Hinton\054) -635.98800 (N\056) -559.01500 (Sri) 24.98810 (v) 24.98200 (asta) 20.01500 (v) 24.98200 (a\054) -635.97700 (A\056) -558.98000 (Krizhe) 24.98660 (vsk) 15.01580 (y) 64.97670 (\054) -635.97700 (I\056) -559.01400 (Sutsk) 9.99218 (e) 25.00190 (v) 14.98520 (er) 40.01770 (\054) -635.97700 (and) ] TJ 18.25860 -9.46367 Td [ (R\056) -307.00800 (R\056) -307.00800 (Salakhutdino) 15.01890 (v) 64.97520 (\056) -543.00200 (Impro) 14.99900 (ving) -306.99000 (neural) -307.97600 (netw) 10.01360 (orks) -307.01900 (by) -306.98500 (pre) 25.00500 (v) 14.98520 (enting) -306.97600 (co\055) ] TJ T* [ (adaptation) -249.82100 (of) -250.00400 (feature) -250.00700 (detectors\056) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 101.57800 0 Td (arXiv\0721207\0560580) Tj /R14 7.97010 Tf 54.23710 0 Td [ (\054) -250.01300 (2012\056) ] TJ -174.07400 -10.45660 Td [ (\13314\135) -624.88700 (S\056) -297 (Hochreiter) 54.99830 (\056) -510.99800 (Untersuchungen) -296.99600 (zu) -297.01500 (dynamischen) -297.00900 (neuronalen) -296.98100 (netzen\056) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 18.25900 -9.46367 Td [ (Diploma) -249.80600 (thesis\054) -249.91200 (TU) -249.97600 (Munic) 14.98830 (h) ] TJ /R14 7.97010 Tf 88.43590 0 Td [ (\054) -250.01300 (1991\056) ] TJ -106.69500 -10.45700 Td [ (\13315\135) -624.88700 (S\056) -237.99000 (Hochreiter) -239.02000 (and) -238.01900 (J\056) -238.98800 (Schmidhuber) 55.02130 (\056) -334.01800 (Long) -238.99400 (short\055term) -238.00800 (memory) 65.02270 (\056) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 214.22900 0 Td [ (Neur) 15.09240 (al) ] TJ -195.97000 -9.46367 Td (computation) Tj /R14 7.97010 Tf 39.85120 0 Td [ (\054) -250.01300 (9\0508\051\0721735\2051780\054) -250.02000 (1997\056) ] TJ -58.10980 -10.45660 Td [ (\13316\135) -624.88700 (S\056) -373.01600 (Iof) 25.01640 (fe) -373.00100 (and) -372.01600 (C\056) -372.97800 (Sze) 14.97750 (gedy) 65.00430 (\056) -753.01600 (Batch) -373.01300 (normalization\072) -554.98600 (Accelerating) -373.01300 (deep) ] TJ 18.25860 -9.46523 Td [ (netw) 10.11160 (ork) -218.89400 (training) -218.77900 (by) -219.00900 (reducing) -218.99800 (internal) -219.00400 (co) 14.99130 (v) 24.98200 (ariate) -218.97900 (shift\056) -292 (In) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 177.28000 0 Td (ICML) Tj /R14 7.97010 Tf 19.04060 0 Td [ (\054) -218.98900 (2015\056) ] TJ -214.58000 -10.45630 Td [ (\13317\135) -624.88700 (H\056) -202.01700 (Je) 15.00130 (gou\054) -210.99100 (M\056) -201.99900 (Douze\054) -211.98000 (and) -201.99600 (C\056) -201.97700 (Schmid\056) -255.01500 (Product) -202.01800 (quantization) -201.99100 (for) -202.00300 (nearest) ] TJ 18.25860 -9.46523 Td [ (neighbor) -249.79700 (search\056) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 55.54340 0 Td [ (TP) 89.97710 (AMI) ] TJ /R14 7.97010 Tf 22.74610 0 Td [ (\054) -250.01300 (33\054) -249.99100 (2011\056) ] TJ -96.54920 -10.45660 Td [ (\13318\135) -624.88700 (H\056) -567.00400 (Je) 15.00130 (gou\054) -644.98700 (F) 80.00180 (\056) -567.01800 (Perronnin\054) -644.98400 (M\056) -566.98600 (Douze\054) -646.02400 (J\056) -565.99200 (Sanchez\054) -646.00900 (P) 110.97700 (\056) -565.98900 (Perez\054) -646.02100 (and) ] TJ -0.00080 Tc 18.25900 -9.46367 Td [ (C\056) -227.12400 (Schmid\056) -311.09800 (Aggre) 14.90100 (gating) -228.07900 (local) -227.11200 (image) -227.07700 (descriptors) -227.12100 (into) -228.11700 (compact) -227.08800 (codes\056) ] TJ 0 Tc /R18 7.97010 Tf T* [ (TP) 89.97630 (AMI) ] TJ /R14 7.97010 Tf 22.74650 0 Td [ (\054) -250.01400 (2012\056) ] TJ -41.00630 -10.45700 Td [ (\13319\135) -624.88700 (Y) 129.01200 (\056) -297.99600 (Jia\054) -309.99100 (E\056) -296.99000 (Shelhamer) 40.02080 (\054) -310.00300 (J\056) -297.99500 (Donahue\054) -309.98000 (S\056) -297.98000 (Karaye) 24.98350 (v) 64.97670 (\054) -310.00300 (J\056) -297.01800 (Long\054) -310.01800 (R\056) -297.99200 (Girshick\054) ] TJ 18.25900 -9.46367 Td [ (S\056) -232.01000 (Guadarrama\054) -236.00200 (and) -231.01000 (T) 73.98260 (\056) -231.97700 (Darrell\056) -321.00300 (Caf) 24.97590 (fe\072) -300.99500 (Con) 40.02080 (v) 19.98440 (olutional) -231.98600 (architecture) -232.00400 (for) ] TJ T* [ (f) 10.01520 (ast) -249.99500 (feature) -250.00700 (embedding\056) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 77.81990 0 Td (arXiv\0721408\0565093) Tj /R14 7.97010 Tf 54.23590 0 Td [ (\054) -250.01300 (2014\056) ] TJ -150.31600 -10.45590 Td [ (\13320\135) -624.88700 (A\056) -344.98300 (Krizhe) 24.98580 (vsk) 15.01740 (y) 64.97520 (\056) -662.98200 (Learning) -343.98700 (multiple) -344.98400 (layers) -343.98900 (of) -344.98800 (features) -344.99400 (from) -343.99500 (tin) 15 (y) -345.00300 (im\055) ] TJ 18.25900 -9.46523 Td (ages\056) Tj /R18 7.97010 Tf 19.02460 0 Td [ (T) 92.01030 (ec) 15.00440 (h) -250.02000 (Report) ] TJ /R14 7.97010 Tf 38.32810 0 Td [ (\054) -250.01300 (2009\056) ] TJ -75.61250 -10.45700 Td [ (\13321\135) -624.88700 (A\056) -291.02100 (Krizhe) 24.98580 (vsk) 15.01740 (y) 64.97520 (\054) -302.01400 (I\056) -291.01800 (Sutsk) 9.99218 (e) 25.00190 (v) 14.98370 (er) 40.01620 (\054) -300.98500 (and) -291 (G\056) -291.02100 (Hinton\056) -491.99100 (Imagenet) -291.01700 (classi\223cation) ] TJ 18.25900 -9.46367 Td [ (with) -249.89200 (deep) -249.92200 (con) 40.12030 (v) 19.98280 (olutional) -250.02200 (neural) -249.99600 (netw) 10.01360 (orks\056) -360.00600 (In) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 143.09500 0 Td (NIPS) Tj /R14 7.97010 Tf 16.82500 0 Td [ (\054) -250.01300 (2012\056) ] TJ -178.17900 -10.45660 Td [ (\13322\135) -624.88700 (Y) 129.01200 (\056) -414.00500 (LeCun\054) -455.01800 (B\056) -414.98000 (Boser) 40.00550 (\054) -454.97800 (J\056) -414.00500 (S\056) -414.00500 (Denk) 9.99218 (er) 40.01620 (\054) -454.97800 (D\056) -414.00500 (Henderson\054) -456.02000 (R\056) -414.00200 (E\056) -413.98000 (Ho) 24.99580 (w) 10.01360 (ard\054) ] TJ -0.00080 Tc 18.25900 -9.46523 Td [ (W) 91.88780 (\056) -363.08400 (Hubbard\054) -392.08000 (and) -364.08200 (L\056) -363.11100 (D\056) -363.12200 (Jack) 9.88956 (el\056) -723.11100 (Backpropagation) -363.08500 (applied) -364.08100 (to) -363.08500 (hand\055) ] TJ 0 Tc 9.46367 TL T* [ (written) -249.90900 (zip) -250.00500 (code) -249.92200 (recognition\056) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 94.50860 0 Td [ (Neur) 15.09090 (al) -250.01300 (computation) ] TJ /R14 7.97010 Tf 63.86370 0 Td [ (\054) -250.01300 (1989\056) ] TJ -176.63200 -10.45700 Td [ (\13323\135) -624.88700 (Y) 129.01200 (\056) -196.98300 (LeCun\054) -207.02100 (L\056) -195.97800 (Bottou\054) -207.98100 (G\056) -195.98900 (B\056) -196.97800 (Orr) 39.99320 (\054) -206.98100 (and) -196.99600 (K\056\055R\056) -196.02200 (M) ] TJ 158.34000 0.03984 Td (\250) Tj -0.66641 -0.03984 Td [ (uller) 55.11630 (\056) -243.98400 (Ef) 25.01410 (\223cient) -196.99500 (backprop\056) ] TJ -139.41500 -9.46367 Td (In) Tj /R18 7.97010 Tf 8.33242 0 Td [ (Neur) 15.09090 (al) -213.00800 (Networks\072) -291 (T) 55.00600 (ric) 20.00890 (ks) -212.02000 (of) -213.00900 (the) -212.02100 (T) 55.00600 (r) 14.99440 (ade) ] TJ /R14 7.97010 Tf 117.63400 0 Td [ (\054) -220.01800 (pages) -213.01800 (9\20550\056) -211.98600 (Springer) 40.01770 (\054) -220.01800 (1998\056) ] TJ -144.22600 -10.45660 Td [ (\13324\135) -624.88700 (C\056\055Y) 129.07700 (\056) -446.99000 (Lee\054) -496.01100 (S\056) -445.99400 (Xie\054) -496.02200 (P) 110.97700 (\056) -446.98900 (Gallagher) 39.98400 (\054) -496 (Z\056) -446.00900 (Zhang\054) -496.01000 (and) -447.00500 (Z\056) -447.01400 (T) 45.01690 (u\056) -989.00500 (Deeply\055) ] TJ 18.25860 -9.46523 Td [ (supervised) -249.78300 (nets\056) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 53.78240 0 Td (arXiv\0721409\0565185) Tj /R14 7.97010 Tf 54.24490 -0.00547 Td [ (\054) -250.01300 (2014\056) ] TJ -126.27800 -10.45630 Td [ (\13325\135) -624.88700 (M\056) -217.97600 (Lin\054) -224.01800 (Q\056) -217.99500 (Chen\054) -224.00300 (and) -218.02200 (S\056) -217.01300 (Y) 99.99690 (an\056) -290.01400 (Netw) 9.99218 (ork) -218.01100 (in) -218.00800 (netw) 10.01360 (ork\056) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 180.02100 0 Td (arXiv\0721312\0564400) Tj /R14 7.97010 Tf 54.23550 0 Td (\054) Tj -215.99800 -9.46523 Td (2013\056) Tj -18.25860 -10.45660 Td [ (\13326\135) -624.88700 (T) 73.98330 (\056\055Y) 129.02300 (\056) -322.99100 (Lin\054) -339.97800 (M\056) -323.00800 (Maire\054) -341.00500 (S\056) -323.02400 (Belongie\054) -340.00400 (J\056) -322.99400 (Hays\054) -341.02400 (P) 110.97700 (\056) -322.99100 (Perona\054) -339.97900 (D\056) -322.97500 (Ramanan\054) ] TJ 18.25860 -9.46367 Td [ (P) 110.97800 (\056) -297.01500 (Doll) ] TJ 22.52030 0.03984 Td (\264) Tj -0.44219 -0.03984 Td [ (ar) 40.01700 (\054) -309.02300 (and) -296.97900 (C\056) -297.01000 (L\056) -296.99000 (Zitnick\056) -511.01900 (Microsoft) -296.99800 (COCO\072) -297.01200 (Common) -297.00500 (objects) -297.00900 (in) ] TJ -22.07810 -9.46523 Td [ (conte) 15.08940 (xt\056) -360 (In) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 36.83790 0 Td (ECCV) Tj /R14 7.97010 Tf 20.37070 0 Td [ (\056) -250.01300 (2014\056) ] TJ -75.46800 -10.45700 Td [ (\13327\135) -624.88700 (J\056) -260.01400 (Long\054) -263.01600 (E\056) -261.01600 (Shelhamer) 40.02080 (\054) -263 (and) -259.97600 (T) 73.98260 (\056) -260.99100 (Darrell\056) -393 (Fully) -260.97900 (con) 40.02080 (v) 19.98440 (olutional) -260.02000 (netw) 10.01360 (orks) ] TJ 18.25860 -9.46367 Td [ (for) -249.88800 (semantic) -249.79700 (se) 15 (gmentation\056) -360.01700 (In) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 97.49020 0 Td (CVPR) Tj /R14 7.97010 Tf 19.92540 0 Td [ (\054) -250.01300 (2015\056) ] TJ 123.07600 629.03700 Td [ (\13328\135) -624.88800 (G\056) -264.01500 (Mont) ] TJ 46.05120 0.03984 Td (\264) Tj -0.66602 -0.03984 Td [ (uf) 10.00140 (ar) 40.01770 (\054) -268 (R\056) -265.01000 (P) 15.01280 (ascanu\054) -268.00900 (K\056) -264.01800 (Cho\054) -268.02400 (and) -265.02300 (Y) 129.01000 (\056) -263.98100 (Bengio\056) -405.98500 (On) -265.00400 (the) -264.02400 (number) -264.98000 (of) ] TJ -27.12620 -9.46367 Td [ (linear) -249.77700 (re) 15.02200 (gions) -249.99100 (of) -250.00400 (deep) -250.01900 (neural) -249.99400 (netw) 10.01670 (orks\056) -360.00600 (In) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 135.69100 0 Td (NIPS) Tj /R14 7.97010 Tf 16.82420 0 Td [ (\054) -250.01300 (2014\056) ] TJ -170.77400 -10.46170 Td [ (\13329\135) -624.88800 (V) 129.01300 (\056) -329.01900 (Nair) -327.98700 (and) -328.98500 (G\056) -327.97400 (E\056) -328.99500 (Hinton\056) -612.02300 (Recti\223ed) -327.99000 (linear) -328.98200 (units) -327.99600 (impro) 14.99130 (v) 14.98520 (e) -329.00700 (restricted) ] TJ 18.25900 -9.46523 Td [ (boltzmann) -249.69400 (machines\056) -359.80700 (In) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 79.23790 0 Td (ICML) Tj /R14 7.97010 Tf 19.04060 0 Td [ (\054) -250.01300 (2010\056) ] TJ -116.53800 -10.45980 Td [ (\13330\135) -624.88800 (F) 80.00180 (\056) -245.99400 (Perronnin) -247.00500 (and) -246.00900 (C\056) -245.99100 (Dance\056) -351.98700 (Fisher) -246.98600 (k) 9.98605 (ernels) -246.01200 (on) -246.01200 (visual) -247.02300 (v) 19.98440 (ocab) 19.98440 (ularies) -246.00600 (for) ] TJ 18.25900 -9.46523 Td [ (image) -249.80800 (cate) 14.97600 (gorization\056) -359.70000 (In) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 79.99570 0 Td (CVPR) Tj /R14 7.97010 Tf 19.92540 0 Td [ (\054) -250.01300 (2007\056) ] TJ -118.18000 -10.46090 Td [ (\13331\135) -624.88800 (T) 73.98260 (\056) -297.99500 (Raik) 10.00440 (o\054) -308.98900 (H\056) -297.98000 (V) 110.97700 (alpola\054) -310 (and) -298.00700 (Y) 129.01000 (\056) -297.01500 (LeCun\056) -512.99500 (Deep) -298.02600 (learning) -297.98300 (made) -297.01500 (easier) -297.99500 (by) ] TJ 18.25900 -9.46367 Td [ (linear) -249.77700 (transformations) -249.68800 (in) -250.01300 (perceptrons\056) -359.98800 (In) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 131.02700 0 Td [ (AIST) 49.98540 (A) 36.97900 (TS) ] TJ /R14 7.97010 Tf 28.53240 0 Td [ (\054) -250.01300 (2012\056) ] TJ -177.82000 -10.46090 Td [ (\13332\135) -624.88800 (S\056) -373.99600 (Ren\054) -406.01900 (K\056) -373.99600 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(press\054) -250.01000 (1996\056) ] TJ -18.25900 -10.46090 Td [ (\13334\135) -624.88800 (A\056) -415.01900 (Romero\054) -456.01000 (N\056) -415.01900 (Ballas\054) -455.97700 (S\056) -415.02200 (E\056) -415.00900 (Kahou\054) -455.97700 (A\056) -415.02200 (Chassang\054) -455.98900 (C\056) -414.97900 (Gatta\054) -456.01300 (and) ] TJ 18.25900 -9.46367 Td [ (Y) 129.01300 (\056) -250.01300 (Bengio\056) -360.01600 (Fitnets\072) -310.00900 (Hints) -249.99100 (for) -249.98800 (thin) -250.01900 (deep) -250.01900 (nets\056) -359.99400 (In) ] TJ /R18 7.97010 Tf 151.30400 0 Td (ICLR) Tj /R14 7.97010 Tf 17.27110 0 Td [ (\054) -250.01300 (2015\056) ] TJ -186.83400 -10.46050 Td [ (\13335\135) -624.88800 (O\056) -425.99700 (Russak) 9.97686 (o) 14.98520 (vsk) 15.01580 (y) 64.97670 (\054) -468.99500 (J\056) -426.01500 (Deng\054) -469.98200 (H\056) -425.02000 (Su\054) -470.02500 (J\056) -426.01900 (Krause\054) -469.99400 (S\056) -426 (Satheesh\054) -468.98300 (S\056) -426 (Ma\054) ] TJ -0.00080 Tc 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