实验心理学杂志:概论

文摘:检测视觉信号需要信息到达一个系统，该系统能够引起实验者所要求的任意反应。当受试者接收到提示信号将出现在视野的哪个位置时，检测延迟时间就会缩短。这种效率的转变似乎是由于中央注意力系统与视觉输入激活的路径的对齐(定向)。也可以将这些结果描述为由于预期目标位置的标准降低。然而，这种描述忽略了关于期望提高性能的方式的重要约束。首先，当受试者在每次试验中都被提示时，他们表现出比在一个块的可能位置保持不变时更强的期望效应，这表明期望的活跃性质。第二，虽然有关空间位置的信息可以提高表现，但有关刺激形式的信息却不能。第三，期望可以在不降低准确性的情况下改善延迟。第四，在空间上不相邻的两个位置上降低标准的能力似乎很小。一个涉及使用有限能力注意机制的框架似乎比标准设置的更通用的语言更好地捕捉到这些约束。 Using this framework, we find that attention shifts are not closely related to the saccadic eye movement system. For luminance detection the retina appears to be equipotential with respect to attention shifts, since costs to unexpected stimuli are similar whether foveal or peripheral. These results appear to provide an important model system for the study of the relationship between attention and the structure of the visual system.

文摘:我们设计了10个实验来探索Craik和Lockhart(1972)提出的人类记忆研究的处理框架水平。betway亚洲基本概念是，情景记忆痕迹可以被认为是认知系统执行操作的相当自动的副产品，痕迹的持久性是处理“深度”的正函数，其中深度指的是更大程度的语义参与。通过回答有关单词的各种问题，受试者被诱导对单词进行不同深度的处理。例如，浅编码是通过询问关于typescript的问题来实现的;中级水平的编码是通过询问押韵问题来完成的;通过询问单词是否适合给定的类别或句子框架，可以诱导出更深层次的测试。在编码阶段完成后，受试者意外地进行了单词回忆或识别测试。一般来说，更深的编码需要更长的时间来完成，并且在随后的内存测试中与更高水平的性能相关。此外，导致积极反应的问题比导致消极反应的问题与更高的记忆保留水平相关，至少在更深层次的编码上。进一步的实验在更详细的分析中检验了这种效应模式。 It was established that the original results did not simply reflect differential encoding times; an experiment was designed in which a complex but shallow task took longer to carry out but yielded lower levels of recognition than an easy, deeper task. Other studies explored reasons for the superior retention of words associated with positive responses on the initial task. Negative responses were remembered as well as positive responses when the questions led to an equally elaborate encoding in the two cases. The idea that elaboration or "spread" of encoding provides a better description of the results was given a further boost by the finding of the typical pattern of results under intentional learning conditions, and where each word was exposed for 6 sec in the initial phase. While spread and elaboration may indeed be better descriptive terms for the present findings, retention depends critically on the qualitative nature of the encoding operations performed; a minimal semantic analysis is more beneficial than an extensive structural analysis. Finally, Schulman's (1974) principle of congruity appears necessary for a complete description of the effects obtained. Memory performance is enhanced to the extent that the context, or encoding question, forms an integrated unit with the word presented. A congruous encoding yields superior memory performance because a more elaborate trace is laid down and because in such cases the structure of semantic memory can be utilized more effectively to facilitate retrieval. The article concludes with a discussion of the broader implications of these data and ideas for the study of human learning and memory,

文摘:本文有两个目的。第一个是描述四种理论模型的yesno识别记忆，并提出他们的歧视和反应偏差的相关措施。然后将这些模型应用于来自正常受试者的一组数据，以确定哪些对歧视和偏见指数显示歧视和偏见之间的独立性。以下模型证明了独立性:两个高阈值模型，使用d'和C(而不是beta)的正态分布的信号检测模型，以及具有逻辑分布和类似于C的偏置测量的信号检测模型。Cis定义为标准距离两个基础分布的交集。第二个目的是利用可接受模型中的指标来表征痴呆症和健忘症中的识别记忆缺陷，对正常受试者、阿尔茨海默病患者和帕金森痴呆患者进行了图像识别任务的重复研究测试。Butters、Wolfe、Martone、Granholm和Cermak(1985)对亨廷顿舞蹈症患者、混合病因健忘症患者和年龄匹配的正常人进行了测试，使用了相同的语言刺激范式。痴呆和失忆症患者产生明显不同的异常记忆表现模式。两组痴呆患者对文字(亨廷顿氏病)和图片(阿尔茨海默氏病和帕金森氏痴呆)的辨别能力都很差，反应偏倚异常，而健忘症患者对文字的辨别能力最差，反应偏倚正常。虽然信号检测理论和两个高阈值判别参数都显示了相同的结果，但来自两个高阈值模型的偏置测度比来自信号检测理论的偏置测度(C)对变化更敏感。重点强调了三点。 First, any index of recognition memory performance assumes an underlying model. Second, even acceptable models can lead to different conclusions about patterns of learning and forgetting. Third, efforts to characterize and ameliorate abnormal memory should address both discrimination and bias deficits.