Classic Private University

Abstract:The problem of anthropogenic impact is becoming more acute every year. The basis of entrepreneurship is to maximize profits and increase profitability ratios. However, when calculating economic indicators, changes in the natural potential and the impact of any activity on the environment are not analyzed. In developed countries, more and more emphasis is focused on socially and environmentally conscious entrepreneurship, however, business is still predominant in the world, where the result of activity is an increase in financial resources due to environmental degradation. At the same time, there is an improvement in the situation with financing environmental protection activity. An increase of the population’s consciousness is of a point-like nature, while the ecosystem continues to degrade. It is proved that the negative externalities that were described in the model by Pigou, Leontyev-Ford and others must be taken into account. The necessity of taking waste minimization and negative impact on the environment as a target function is justified. It is proposed to solve this problem systematically and to take into account the effect of the accumulation of negative implications of the impact on the ecosystem.

Abstract:Within the framework of the research was conducted an analysis of the modern level and problems of development of competitiveness, taking into account various aspects and system of advantages. In the article it was proved that despite the wide elucidation of the conceptual apparatus, methodological bases and ways of ensuring the competitive advantages of the respective objects of research, single, generalized point of view on this subject today doesn’t exist. It was done the analysis of the factors that ensure the country’s competitiveness on the basis of interstate rating comparisons, which made it possible to organize the factors according to the degree of influence by the Pareto’s method and to determine priority directions of state development.

Abstract:The article describes the global coal market as the ratio of demand and supply depending on the development of energy technologies in the historical section. The continental specificity of coal mining is given. The basic world exporters and importers of coal and their role in the sale of energy fuels are analyzed. The key coal producing countries are China, India, the USA, and Australia. The largest consumers of coal products are China, India, Japan and Korea. There are unconditional leaders in the export coal market: Indonesia and Australia. In addition, a comparison of large coal companies and their share in the world market is presented. The features of coal supplies are analyzed in accordance with international rules (Incoterms), which regulate the rights and obligations of the buyer when conducting international trade, as well as determine the moment of transfer of risks from the seller to the buyer. The following supply bases were characterized: FOB (Free On Board), FAS (Free Alongside Ship), CIF (Cost Insurance and Freight), DAP (Delivered At Place), FCA (Free Carrier) etc. Trends in the logistics component of the global coal industry are revealed. Logistic of coal supply chains in comparison with other energy fuels and their features are disclosed. The problem of profitability of mines and their effectiveness is presented. Assessment of the environmental components of coal use in industry and energy is analyzed. It was noted that on the background of the trend to protect the environment and promote renewable energy, coal is becoming less popular in developed countries. This trend is further exacerbated by state subsidies for green energy.

Abstract:The formation of vacancy microvoids and A-microdefects has been calculated according to the model of point defect dynamics in the absence of recombination of intrinsic point defects at high temperatures. It has been assumed that this solution is possible in the case where the precipitation of impurities begins in the vicinity of the crystallization front. It has been demonstrated that the formation of vacancy microvoids has a homogeneous nature and that the interstitial dislocation loops are predominantly formed through the deformation mechanism.

Abstract:The authors of the article determined that a number of scientists were involved in the development of a balanced system of indicators of the development of the oil and gas sector. Though an urgent scientific problem that needs further consideration is the development of a model of resource efficiency diagnostics in the oil and gas sector of the economy of Ukraine, taking into account the peculiarities of statistical monitoring. In order to solve this problem, the authors used methods of economic analysis, the method of rationing to bring the indicators to a comparative meaning, the method of additivemultiplicative compression, statistical methods of estimating variation and so on. The scientific novelty of the paper is: this study improved the model of diagnostics of resource efficiency in oil and gas sector in the economy of Ukraine based on the additive-multiplicative compression of the formed system, which, unlike the existing ones, takes into account their variation while defining weighting coefficients which show the experts’ system of preferences.